Population

Population

1. youthful population

   • Causes
   • Impacts
     • iicreased pressure on schools and childcare
     • rapid population growth
     • large unemployment
     • increased poverty
   • Management
     • control birth rate
     • limit immigration of youthful people
     • encourage family planning/conraception
     • increase childcare provisions

2. ageing population

   • Causes
   • Impacts
     • pressure on public services
     • unequal distribution of elderly
     • population decline/reduced growth
     • longer working life
     • reduced work force
     • increased taxes
     • grey vote
   • Management
     • encourage larger families
     • raise retirement age
     • encourage immigration of working age
     • increase social provisions

3. population indicators

   • Birth Rate
     • no. of live births per 1000 per year
   • Death Rate
     • no. of deaths per 1000 per year
   • Fertility Rate
     • average no. of children a women will have between 15-64
   • Infant Mortality Rate
     • no. of children per 1000 who die before the age of 1
   • Life Expectancy
     • the average age you can expect to live
   • Migration Rate
     • difference between no. of immigrants and emigrants per 100000
   • Population Density
     • no. of people per km2

4. migration

   • Internal Migration
   • Emmigration
   • Immigration
   • Push Factors
     • negative factors that make you move out
       • war
       • unemployment
       • poor living conditions
   • Pull Factors
     • positive factors that attract you to a place
       • better jobs
       • better quality of life
       • better living conditions
   • Obstacles
     • things that make migration difficult
       • cost
   • Oppurtunities
     • individuals encounter these before reaching their intended destination

5. urban/rural areas

   • Inner City
   • Suburbs
   • Rural/urban Fringe
   • Rural Area

6. population theories

   • Malthus
   • Boserup
   • Club of Rome
   • overpopulation
   • underpopulation
   • optimum population

7. DTM

   • Stages
     • stage 1
       • high BR (35/1000)
         • limited birth control/family planning
         • high infant mortality rate
         • some religions require larger families
       • high DR (35/1000)
         • high incidence of disease
         • poor nutrition and famine
         • inadequate health facilities
     • stage 2
       • high BR (35/1000)
       • falling DR (20/1000)
         • improved health care
         • lower child mortality
         • better nutrition
     • stage 3
       • falling DR (12/1000)
       • falling BR (16/1000)
         • changes in socioeconomic conditions
         • education of women
         • increased wealth
         • lower infant mortality rate
         • family planning/contraception
     • stage 4
       • low BR (12-16/1000)
         • women have higher jobs and leisure interests
       • low DR (10-12/1000)
     • stage 5
       • DR exceeds BR
         • emancipation of women
         • financial independence
   • Evaluation
     • Good generalised picture of how the population can change over time
     • Easy to make comparisons between countries against the DTM
     • You can forecast how the population is set to change, and put in place policies
     • the model is not valid worldwide as it was created for more developed countries
     • Stage 5 was added as countries moved out of stage 4
     • DTM doesn't take into considerationeducation/role of women
     • DTM doesnt take into consideration different rules in society
     • Poverty/low levels of development can stop countries passing thruogh all stages
     • Cannot predict when they will reach the stage and how long they will be in the stage for
     • DTM doesn't consider migration/war/disease/population control policies, which can have a large affect on population change