POPULATION

POPULATION

1. POPULATION

   • describing change in population
     • there is a increase of _____ and we call it a population explosion
     • specifically, there is a jump from _____ to _____
     • the general trend is that it is increasing
   • population growth
     • change in population size
       • factors
         • death rate
           • number of death per 1000 yer year
           • (no. birth or death/ population) x 1000 = people per 1000 people
         • rate of natural increase
           • improved hygiene
           • increase in food supply
           • better medical and heath care
           • birth rate - death rate
         • birth rate
           • number of birth per 1000 per year
   • population distribution
     • the way in which people are spread out in an area of land
     • factors
       • physical environment
         • people tend to live in area with fertile soil and where climate is not extreme
         • river deltas usually have large populations due to the sediments giving fertile soil
       • level of technology
         • technology
           • knowledge, skills and tools that people use to meet their needs
         • environment that were previously unsuitable for living can be converted to suitable living environment
   • population density
     • number of people living in a particular area
     • total people / total land area = people per km^2
   • high rate of population growth
     • happen in less developed countries with low level of economic wealth and poor living condition ( India)
     • triangular shaped pyramid with broad base
     • Factors
       • low death rate
         • better medical and health care
           • medical care
             • availability of hospital, clinics, doctors, medical equipment, medicine and knowledge
           • health care
             • immunisation, nutritional knowledge, availability of community hospitals and other measures aimed to improve quality of life
           • enabled many babies to live beyond their first year
           • life expectancy
             • elderly is expected to live longer due to better medical and health care
         • better hygiene
           • people are less prone to contracting diseases if living condition is clean and hygienic
           • supply of clean water and when environment is clear of diseases carrying pest and insect
       • high birth rate
         • lack of family planning
           • how many children a couple plan to have
           • people are less educated and know little about family planning
             • end up having many children because of deep rooted traditional belief and values or religious belief
             • people keep giving birth till they get a son
         • early marriages
           • number of years a woman have for childbearing is higher
         • preferance for son
           • son is seen as being capable of carrying family name
           • son is able to continue working on the farm when parents grow old
         • need for farm labour
           • large families is preferred in farming
     • consequences
       • high demand for resources
         • less developed countries will suffer from shortage of food because not enough food is produced to feed the high population
       • higher demand for housing
         • people living in houses made of cardboard or wooden planks
           • less developed countries where people do not have enough housing for high population
       • higher demand for education
         • need to ensure that there are enough schools and teachers
         • not everyone attended schools due to lack of fund
       • higher demand for jobs
         • people compete for limited number of jobs
       • environmental problems
         • more resources used by people, more waste produced
         • waste disposal service and other services are lacking leading to water and land polution
     • actions
       • education on family planning
         • taught various method to control size of family
       • incentives and panalties
         • rewards in the form of money will be given to couples who have less children
         • those with more children will be penalised ( higher tax )
   • low rate of population growth
     • experienced in developed countries with high level of economic wealth and living conditions
     • bee-hive shaped population pyramid
     • narrow base- people are having less children
     • people expected to live till 80 +
     • factors
       • low death rate
         • higher standards of hygiene
           • people are less prone to contracting diseases with high standards of hygiene
         • better nutrition
           • can afford to buy sufficient food and water
           • food shortage are rare
         • better medical and health care
           • people enjoy longer and healthier lives
           • world class hospitals and well trained doctors
           • eg: vaccinations
       • low birth rate
         • later marriages
           • higher academic qualification, woman choose to pursue career first
             • lesser year for childbearing
         • fewer marriages
           • people choose to remain single
         • preferance for small famlies
           • difficult to balance work and families
           • cost of raising children have increased
     • consequence
       • ageing population
         • growing percentage of elderly compared to young
       • higher tax
         • fewer people in workforce
           • pay more tax to fund public projects
       • smaller talent pool
         • fewer people to lead and serve the country
     • actions
       • encourage marriage and childbearing
         • more tax rebates
         • more childcare centers
       • meeting the needs of the elderlies
         • build facilities to keep them healthy
         • encourage families to care for them
       • build special facilities
         • more clinic and hospital that specialise in illness specific to eldery
         • need for homes catering to the elderly and other elderly- friendly activities would increase
       • help elderly keep healthy
         • exercises class and courses
       • encourage families to look after elderly
         • done by communities and incentives
           • privileges and tax subsidies
       • extend working life
         • working population face a heavy burden of supporting elderly
           • raise retirement age
       • encourage financial planning
         • CPF

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