Flashcards
Mid Tudor Crisis
Cards in this deck (74)
- 1What problems did Edward face upon accession? (x4)* Religious division
* Crown finances dire due to wars in the 1540s
* Debasement of coinage causing inflation and decline in income
* Insecurity of the crown due to selling monastic land --> Nobles had power - 2What preparations had been put in place for Edward until he came of age?* Regency Council
* 16 members, balance of factions
* Did not last long as power was delegated to Protector Hertford - 3How did Somerset ensure support? (x3)* Counted on the support of Cranmer, Lisle and Paget
* Rewarded himself and supporters with promotions
* 1547 homily on Obedience reminded people in Parish Churches that obedience to king was in accordance with God's will. - 4How did Somerset suppress opposition? (x4)* Governed with his own household
* Arrested Southampton within weeks
* Fears about public disorder --> would people accept the protectorate?
* Treason charges on T.Seymour (brother) - 5Why was Somerset undermined?* Failures in foreign policy
* Mishandled rebellions
* Arrogant and dictatorial = enemies
* Doubts among supporters (Warwick) - 6How did Somerset's rule end?* August 1549
* Southampton and Warwick's plot
* Mary refused involvement
* Somerset surrendered as long as no treason charges would be brought against him - 7What was Northumberland's style of rule?* Anxious not to repeat mistakes = 'Lord President'
* Some hoped for regency led my Mary
* Coup against conservatives --> Purged Southampton = more Prot direction - 8How did Northumberland run government?* Ran through Privy Council
* Easy once Cons were expelled
* Collective approach at first
* Became less conciliar once Somerset executed
* Enemies removed, Gates on dry stamp - 9What were Somerset's foreign policy aims?* Scotland = priority
* Defeat the scots and force surrender
* Garrisons at borders - 10What happened in Somerset's foreign policy?* Battle of Pinkie 1547 :)
* Forts difficult and expensive to garrison
* Couldn't capture Dunbar and Edinburgh
* Scotland and France cooperated
* French sailed through Firth of Forth
* French gained control of MQoS - 11What were the consequences of Somerset's foreign policy?* Financial strain
* Objective of marrying Edward to MQoS failed
* Relations with France were bad = raised prospect of invasion - 12What happened in Northumberland's foreign policy?* Reduced expenditure by ending wars
* Resignation of Boulogne
* French gave £133,333 in return for Boulogne
* Scottish forts were abandoned - 13What were the consequence of Northumberland's foreign policy?* Stabilised crown finances
* humiliation in handing back Boulogne
Boulogne stopped draining resources
* French pay out = money
* Forts on Scottish border had been expensive - 14What happened in the succession after Edward?* 1553 Edward was ill
* Ruined Northumberland's reputation
* Succession of Mary would ruin Northumberland's Protestant changes
*Mary and Elizabeth planned to be made illegitimate and LJG put on the throne - 15What happened in religious policy under Somerset?* Radicals such as Hooper and Bacon welcomed
* FEB 1547 Denunciation of images
* JULY 1547 Injunctions: attacked popular Catholicism
* DEC 1547 Chantries and guilds: properties seized by the crown
* MAY 1549 Book of Common Prayer: more moderate approach than followed since 1547 - 16What religious effect did Somerset's policies have?* Cautious policy to avoid religious tension
* Book of Common Prayer tried to establish a single service
* Simple translations
* Ambiguous Eucharistic declaration could imply acceptance of transubstantiation - 17What social impact did Somerset's policies have?* Attack on the lives of ordinary people (e.g. 1547 injunctions)
* Plundering of Church resources
* Chantries destroyed connection to dead communities
* Guilds and confraternities stopped charitable activity
* Start of a systematic strip of the Church - 18What were Northumberland's aims in religious policy?* Continue Protestant reforms of Somerset
* Plunder more of the Church's wealth - 19Why did Northumberland take a more radical approach to religious policy* Cranmer becoming less cautious
* Senior radical clergymen gaining influence
* Continental reformers moved to England
* Links between English reformers and leaders of reformations in Europe
* Edward became more involved and wanted to destroy idolatry - 20What were the key changes in religious policy under Northumberland* Radical 1552 Book of Common prayer
* Removal of remaining Con. ceremonies
* rewriting of services = simplicity
* Ordinary bread used in communion = remembrance rather than literal
* Simpler clerical vestments
* simpler approach to music
* 1553 42 Articles - 21What problems in religious policy did Northumberland face?* Source of plunder to restore crown finances
* Competing varieties of Protestantism emerging - 22What was the overall social impact of religious change during the reign of Edward?* Less money to Church in wills after 1540
*Churches attracted less affection and money 'crisis at parish level'-Haigh
* Less people going to Church and becoming priests
* Duffy argues 'an attack on history' - 23What were the economic problems under Somerset?* Inflation --> coinage for wars
* Real wages
* Enclosure
* Harvest failure --> 1548
* Taxation - 24How did Somerset tackle enclosure?* Somerset believed enclosure was a main cause of socio-economic problems
* Commission set up
* Little achieved
* Expectations of the poor raised
* Rate of enclosure WAS slowing - 25How did Somerset tackle taxation?* Sheep tax! Huge financial pressure on small farmers
- 26What economic changes did Northumberland bring?* Wars = ended
* Money in exchange for Boulogne
* One last debasement
* Melted down church plates
* Commission analysing royal finances
* Many improvements not in place until Mary - 27Why were rebellions dealt with do poorly in this period?* Resources were spread too thinly
* Large concentration on Scotland and on southern borders against France - 28What were the causes of rebellions under Somerset?* Religious grievances
* Midlands = agricultural and social concerns
* Resentment against taxation - 29What were the main factors in the Western Rebellion in 1549?* Experience of religion
* Distrust between labourers and landowners
* Sheep tax anger - 30What were the main factors in Kett's Rebellion in 1549?* Rebels in Norwich followed the Book of Common Prayer
* Class antagonism
* Hatred of gov. officials
Resentment against landowners restricting peasant grazing rights
* Hatred against Howard fam - 31What developments in intellectual thought were there during Edward's reign?* Contest between evangelical humanism (Erasmus) and radical Protestantism
* Humanism supported by Cranmer, EVI's tutor
* 1547 injunctions required copy of Erasmus
* More radical under Northumberland - 32Why did Northumberland's succession plan fail?* interfered with legitimacy
* illegal so upset even loyal council members
* promoted son's wife = power grab?
* Mary acted bravely throughout - 33How did Mary respond to Northumberland's plot?* Gathered support in Norfolk
* Northumberland responded with troops in G.Yarmouth
* Northumberland's support was weak there because of Kett's - 34What problems did Mary face at the start of her reign?* country had fundamental religious differences
* Significant Protestant minority
* lack of political experience
* Supporters had lack of experience
* Had to rely on Edward's councillors - 35Who were Mary's main councillors at the start of her reign and what was her relationship with them?* Gardiner - never fully trusted because he hadn't supported CoA. Died in 1555=gap
* Paget - disagreed with her over religion
* Pole - returned from exile, Archbishop of Canterbury, distanced himself from secular
* Philip II and Renard - foreigners!! - 36What was Mary's marital situation?* keen to marry to produce heir 1554
* Earl of Devon = factional rivalry
* Charles V and Renard had always advised
* public = hostile - marriage treaty - title only, no power, no claim - 37What was the problem of succession under Mary?* Did not want Elizabeth to undo changes
* Eliz personified breakdown of parents
* Needed to overturn 1544 Succession Act to disqualify Eliz
* Wyatts = failed to find Eliz guilty = house arrest (comfortable conditions) - 38What were the key events in foreign policy under Mary?* 1554 Spanish marriage
* 1555 anti-Spanish Pope Paul IV (Mary had allegiance to both)
* 1557 war on France after attempt @ Scarborough - nobility could win favour - 39What reforms were there in foreign policy under Mary?* naval administration - 6 new ships, more repaired, £14,000
- 40What religious problems did Mary face?* Protestantism in South, particularly London
* Protestant Church protected by Statute
* Political elite had benefitted from sale of Monastic Land - 41Mary's first Parliament* 1553 legislative attack
* repealed Edward, order of service back to HVIII's death, married Clergy deprived of livings, legal status of CofE upheld
* relying on statute went against Mary's beliefs (divine law) - 42Issue of monastic lands* Nobles owned the land privately and issue had to be resolved
* Pressure from Pope to submit to Rome
* Politically impossible
* Mary found herself later at war with the papacy (Pope Paul vs Pole)
* Mary and 'true faith' - 43The burning of heretics* 289 from humble backgrounds
* showed Protestantism was more than money bc humble background
* Popular preachers burned = public sympathy = martyrdom
* policy was happening on continent
* Evidence from Book of Martyrs - Foxe - 44Pole's reforms* Saw his role as pastoral
* legatine Synod 1555-56: residing, preaching, overseeing life, school to train new priests
* more successful in North
* Needed more time and support @ parish level - 45Mary's economic problems* rapid population growth = inflation
* debasement = inflation
* Harvest failures 1555-56 = strain
* Sweating Sickness 1557-58 - 46Mary's address to economic issues* Northumberland's commission = courts of FFaT and Augmentations to Exchequer
* royal debt not dramatically increased
* Coinage plans drawn up (Eliz)
* Book of Rates for Customs Revenue 1558 - 47Mary helping the poorMore active due to influenza, harvest failures and high tax for war with France. Grain hoarders stopped and pasture --> arable
- 48What were the plans for Wyatt's vs what actually happened?* Plans since 1553 to be carried out 1554
* 4 simultaneous risings
* plans leaked
* one serious rebellion in Kent led by Wyatt (3000 men) - 49What provoked Wyatt's rebellion?* Religious concerns, Maidstone = Protestant
* Fear of Spanish influence
* Decline of cloth industry
* local gentry who had lost influence under Mary - 50What were the events of Wyatt's Rebellion?January - Start of Rebellion
February - Mary begins to rally support
February - Rebels reach Southwark but can't cross Thames
February - Rebels cross at Kingston upon Thames
February - rebels surrender at Ludgate - 51What was the significance of Wyatt's?* Protestant views could not be ignored
* showed public suspicion towards Spanish marriage
* led to execution of LJG due to father's participation in rebellion
* Elizabeth arrested but Gardiner and Paget had reasons to let Elizabeth go - 52Intellectual development in Mary's reign* Erasmus = heretic
* religious doctrine = practical help to Catholicism @ parish level
* A Profitable and Necessary Doctrine = straightforward
* Stress influence of the Pope
* Catholicism different to pre-reformation - 53Protestants during Mary's reign* SPLIT as some wanted to follow 1552 Prayer book while others were more radical
* Historians see Mary and Pole with disdain but really they were quite pivotal for Catholicism - 54What were the main features of Elizabeth's character?* Well educated
* Politically aware
* wanted to make informed decisions
* Did not want to be involved in details of government - 55What were Elizabeth's key short-term aims?* Consolidate her position
* Settle religious issues
* Pursue peace with France - 56How did Elizabeth consolidate her power?* Recognised by Mary and Philip (foreign :))
* political elite recognised her, seamlessly pledging allegiance
* Based herself and showed herself around Tower of London
* Quick coronation Jan 1559 - 57Why was 1558 a difficult time to become Queen?* Bad harvests
* Food scarce and expensive
* Highest mortality rate since Black Death
* Loss of Calais had been embarrassing
* Religious policy had to change - 58What were the key features of the 1559 Act of Supremacy?* Legislation from HVIII's reign restored
* Described Liz as 'Supreme Governor'
* oath of Supremacy had to be taken, Mary's bishops who refused were deprived of office
* Gave Crown legislative authority - 59What were the key features of the 1559 Act of Uniformity?* 1549 Prayer Book should be followed
* Communion table but with Catholic artefacts
* set out vestments of priests - another concession
* Compulsory attendance - fines given to the poor
* Attendance to Catholic mass = heavy fine / death penalty - 60What were the key features of the 1559 Royal Injunctions?* Preachers to be licenced by a Bishop
* Preachers must preach at least once a month
* Church displays English Bible
* Pilgrimages = outlawed
* No more destruction of altars - 61What were the key features of the 1559 Prayer Book?Fusion of Edward's Prayer Books: moderate 1549 language with Protestant words of 1552. Compromise in communion and literal/symbolic meaning of bread and wine
- 62What were the 1563 Thirty Nine Articles?Defined what 'Anglicism' meant and remains basis of Church of England today
- 63What evidence is there to discuss how Protestant/Catholic Elizabeth was?* English Deborah = Protestant
* Councillors more zealously Prot - Cecil and Dudley saw settlement as starting point
* Matthew Parker moderate = conservative
* Bishops returning exiles = Prot
* disapproved of marrying, distrusted preaching, preserved music = cons - 64What else defined the settlement during the 1560s?* Apology of the Church of England 1562 (Salisbury) - true position returning
* 39 Articles 1563 established DIFFERENCE
* Elizabeth wanted to avoid religious warfare seen on the continent - 65What impact did the Elizabethan settlement have?* Muted reaction, 400 clergymen deprived of livings
* Refusal from Bishops = opportunity to create new leadership
* Compared with 800 fleeing at start of Mary's reign, refusal was minimal - 66What localised opposition was there to the Elizabethan settlement?* Some priests ignored the Prayer Book
* Only half of JPs in 1564 actively supported settlement
* Opposition mostly from financial aspects - plundering resources through 1559 Act of Exchange: take over property and only rent to her - 67Foreign Policy 1559-60* 1559 Cateau-Cambrais
* 1559 Francis II King of France (married to MQoS) = use of Scotland in FP
* John Knox and Calvinists alarmed, Eliz Wouldn't help
* F+M use English coat of arms = Treaty of Berwick = block Leith = failed but French retreated
* 1560 Francis died and Guise fam fell - security for Elizabeth - 68Foreign Policy 1562-64* 1562 Leicester (Dudley) persuades Eliz to support Huguenots in France to take advantage of French weakness to gain Calais
* Eliz supports Prince of Conde and receives Le Havre
* Conde captured and Duke of Guise assassinated = both French sides leaderless =both turn on ELIZABETH
* Treaty of Troyes: permanent loss of Calais and Cateau-Cambrais scrapped = cautuious in future (Netherlands 1580) - 69What were Elizabeth's 3 socio-economic problems?* Currency
* Economy
* Poverty and Vagabondage - 70How did Elizabeth tackle the issue of currency?Replace debased coins with soundly minted ones. Limited impact because the good coinage was hoarded and debts paid with old money. Gov. could no longer be blamed for the issue.
- 71How did Elizabeth tackle the economy?* Caused by bad harvests, high mortality, high taxation and cuts in wages
* Reliance on JPs and proclamations
* STATUTE OF ARTIFICERS: fixed wages, made local magistrate responsible for agricultural wages, compulsory 7 year craft apprenticeships. Difficult to enforce. - 72How did Elizabeth tackle poverty and vagabondage?* Due to Church no longer supporting, population rise, mortality, food shortages etc. Homeless were a threat to order
* 'deserving' and 'undeserving' established
* Poor Law Act: hoarding=serious crime, fines for those who refused to help the poor - 73What are the main arguments for the Mid-Tudor Crisis?* POLLARD AND BINDOFF
* Edward and Mary pale into insignificance
* religious strife, inefficiency in gov, failure in FP, socio-eco distress - 74What are the main arguments against the Mid-Tudor Crisis?* LOACH AND TITTLER
* Less desirable features such as rebellion and social grievances apparent in 1530s
* Policies in line with public opinion
* Policies in line with priorities of reign
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- A level History Flashcards on Mid Tudor Crisis, created by Louise Tribe on 11/12/2017.
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- Louise Tribe
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