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Flashcards

Psych part2

Lachlan Crankshaw Psychology English 92 cards

Cards in this deck (92)

  1. 1multiple memory systemsthe notion that there are separate but interacting memory systems, each with a different function
  2. 2sensory memorya type of memory that holds large amounts of incoming information very briefly, but long enough to connect one impression to the next
  3. 3sensory registersmemory systems that hold incoming information long enough for it to be processed further
  4. 4iconic memorythe sensory register for visual information
  5. 5selective attentionthe focusing of mental resources on only part of the stimulus field
  6. 6short term memory (STM)the maintained component of working memory, which holds unrehearsed information for a limited time
  7. 7working memorythe part of the memory system that allows us to mentally work with, or manipulate, information being held in short-term memory
  8. 8immediate memory spanthe maximum number of items a person can recall perfectly after one presentation of the items
  9. 9Brown–Peterson distractortechnique a method for determining how long unrehearsed information remains in short-term memory
  10. 10long-term memory (LTM)a relatively long-lasting stage of memory whose capacity to store new information is believed to be unlimited
  11. 11primacy effecta characteristic of memory in which recall of the first two or three items in a list is particularly good
  12. 12recency effecta characteristic of memory in which recall of the last few items in a list is particularly good
  13. 13retrieval cuea stimulus that aids the recall or recognition of information stored in memory
  14. 14encoding specificity principlea principle stating that the ability of a cue to aid retrieval depends on the degree to which it taps into information that was encoded at the time of the original learning
  15. 15context-specific memory (context-specific learning)memory that can be helped or hindered by similarities or differences between the context in which it is learned and the context in which it is recalled
  16. 16spreading activationa principle that explains how information is retrieved in semantic network theories of memory
  17. 17relearningmethod a way of measuring forgetting by comparing the number of repetitions needed to learn and, after a delay, relearn the same material
  18. 18decay theorya description of forgetting as the gradual disappearance of information from memory
  19. 19interferencethe process through which either the storage or the retrieval of information is impaired by the presence of other information
  20. 20retroactive inhibitiona cause of forgetting in which new information placed in memory interferes with the ability to recall information already in memory
  21. 21proactive inhibitiona cause of forgetting in which information already in long- term memory interferes with the ability to remember new information
  22. 22Languagesymbols and a set of rules for combining them that provide a vehicle for communication
  23. 23grammara set of rules for combining the words used in a given language
  24. 24phonemethe smallest unit of sound that affects the meaning of speech
  25. 25morphemethe smallest unit of language that has meaning
  26. 26syntaxthe set of rules that govern the formation of phrases and sentences in a language
  27. 27semanticsrules governing the meaning of words and sentences
  28. 28surface structurethe order in which words are arranged in sentences
  29. 29deep structurean abstract representation of the underlying meaning of a given sentence
  30. 30infant vocalisations (babblings)the first sounds infants make that resemble speech
  31. 31one-word stagea stage of language development during which children tend to use one word at a time
  32. 32cognitive psychologythe study of the mental processes by which information from the environment is modified, made meaningful, stored, retrieved, used and communicated to others
  33. 33information-processing systemmechanisms for receiving information, representing it with symbols, and manipulating it
  34. 34thinkingthe manipulation of mental representations
  35. 35evoked potentiala small, temporary change in EEG voltage in the brain that is caused by some stimulus
  36. 36concepta category of objects events or ideas that have common properties
  37. 37natural concept (natural category)a concept that has no fixed set of defining features but has a set of characteristic features
  38. 38prototypea member of a natural concept that possesses all or most of its characteristic features
  39. 39propositiona mental representation of the relationship between concept
  40. 40schemasgeneralisations about categories of objects, places, events and people
  41. 41scripta mental representation of a familiar sequence of activity
  42. 42mental modela representation of particular situations or arrangements of objects that guides our interaction with them
  43. 43Cognitive mapa mental model of familiar parts of the environment
  44. 44reasoningthe process by which people generate and evaluate arguments and reach conclusions about them
  45. 45formal reasoningthe process of following a set of rigorous procedures for reaching valid conclusions
  46. 46algorithma systematic procedure that cannot fail to produce a correct solution to a problem if a solution exists logic a system of formulas for drawing valid conclusions
  47. 47syllogisman argument made up of two propositions, called premises, and a conclusion based on those premises
  48. 48informal reasoningthe process of evaluating a conclusion, theory or course of action on the basis of the believability of evidence
  49. 49heuristica time-saving mental shortcut used in reasoning
  50. 50anchoring heuristic (anchoring bias)a mental shortcut that involves basing judgements on existing information
  51. 51representativeness heuristica mental shortcut that involves judging whether something belongs in a given class on the basis of its similarity to other members of that class
  52. 52availability heuristica mental shortcut in which judgements are based on information that is most easily brought to mind
  53. 53mental setthe tendency for old patterns of problem solving to persist, even when they might not be the best ones available
  54. 54functional fixednessa tendency to think about familiar objects in familiar ways that may prevent using them in other ways
  55. 55utilitya subjective measure of value
  56. 56expected valuethe total benefit to be expected if a decision were to be repeated several times
  57. 57Learningthe modification through experience of pre-existing behaviour and understanding
  58. 58Habituationthe process of adapting to stimuli that do not change
  59. 59Classical conditioninga procedure in which a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with a stimulus that elicits a reflex or other response until the neutral stimulus alone comes to elicit a similar responses
  60. 60Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)a stimulus that elicits a responses without conditioning
  61. 61Unconditioned response (UCR)the automatic or unlearned reaction to a stimulus
  62. 62Conditioned stimulus (CS)the originally neutral stimulus that, through paring with unconditioned stimulus, comes to elicit a conditioned response
  63. 63Conditioned response (CR)the responses that the conditioned stimulus elicits
  64. 64Extinctionthe gradual disappearance of a conditioned response when a conditioned stimulus is no longer followed by an unconditional stimulus
  65. 65Spontaneous recoverythe reappearance of the conditioned response after extinction and without further pairings of the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli
  66. 66Stimulus generalizationa phenomenon in which a conditioned response is elicited by stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus
  67. 67Stimulus discriminationa process through which individuals learn to differentiate among similar stimulus and respond appropriately to each other
  68. 68Higher-order conditioninga phenomenon in which a conditioned stimulus acts as an unconditioned stimulus, creating conditioned stimuli out of events associated with it
  69. 69Law of effecta law stating that if a response made in the presence of a particular stimulus is followed by satisfaction, that response is more likely the next time the stimulus is encountered
  70. 70Operant conditioninga process through which an organism learns to respond to the environment in a way that produces positive consequences and avoids negative ones
  71. 71Operanta response that has some effect on the world
  72. 72Reinforcera stimulus event that increases the probability that the response that immediately preceded it will occur again
  73. 73Positive reinforcersstimuli that strengths a responses if they they follow that responses
  74. 74Negative reinforcersunpleasant stimulai, such as pain, that strengthen a response if they are removed following that response
  75. 75Escape conditioninga type of learning in which an organism learns to make a particular response in order to terminate an aversive stimulus
  76. 76Avoidance conditioninga type of learning in which an organism responds to a signal in a way that prevents exposure to an aversive stimulus
  77. 77Discriminative conditioned stimulistimuli that signal whether reinforcement is available if a certain response is made
  78. 78Shapingthe process of reinforcing responses that come successively closer to the desired response
  79. 79Primary reinforcersreinforcers that meet an organism’s basic needs, such as food and water
  80. 80Secondary reinforcera reward that people or animals learn to like
  81. 81Continuous reinforcementa pattern in which a reinforcer is delivered every tie a particular response occurs
  82. 82Partial reinforcementa pattern in which a reinforcer is administered only some of the time after a particular response occurs
  83. 83Fixed-ratio reinforcementa partial reinforcement schedule that provides reinforcement following a fixed number of responses
  84. 84Variable-ratioa partial reinforcement schedule that provides reinforcement after varying number of responses
  85. 85Fixed-interval reinforcementa partical reinforcement that provides reinforcement for the first response that occurs after some fixed time has passed since the last reward
  86. 86Reinforcement schedulesin operant conditioning, rules that determine how and when certain responses will be reinforced
  87. 87Partial reinforcement effecta phenomenon in which behavior learned under a partial reinforcement schedule are more difficult to extinguish than behaviors learned on a contentious reinforcement schedule
  88. 88Punishmentpresentation of an aversive stimulus or the removal of a pleasant stimulus
  89. 89Latent learninglearning that is not demonstrated at the time it occurs
  90. 90Cognitive mapa mental representation of the environment
  91. 91Insighta sudden understanding about what is required to solve a problem
  92. 92Observational learning (social learning)learning how to perform new behaviours by watching others

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Psychology Flashcards on Psych part2, created by Lachlan Crankshaw on 16/02/2018.
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