Flashcards
Genetics and evolution
Cards in this deck (32)
- 1When was the Holland et al. study carried out?1984
- 2Who were the participants of Holland et al's study?34 twin pairs - 30 female and 4 male and one set of triplets.
One of the pairs must have been diagnosed with AN - 3How was it made sure that the twins were actually twins?Physical resemblance questionnaire and if still unsure, blood test
- 4How was the study carried out?Researchers followed the twins over time to see whether the twin without AN would develop it.
- 5How was the AN diagnosed?Clinical interview with standard DSM criteria
- 6What were the findings of Holland et al's study?Concordance rate for MZ female twins was 56% compared to 7% for DZ twins.
In 3 cases where the non-diagnosed twin did not develop AN, they did develop another psychological disorder/minor eating disorder
None of the males developed AN - 7When was the Gottesman and Shields study carried out?1966
- 8Who were the participants of the G&S study?57 pairs of MZ and DZ twins where one had been diagnosed and/or hospitalised with schizophrenia
- 9What were the results of the G&S study?Concordance rates for MZ twins were 48% and for DZ twins it was 17%.
As genetic relatedness decreased,as did concordance rates. - 10What evaluation point says that other factors may have had an impact other than genetics?Reductionist - Upbringing and drugs and other things could have greatly influenced this
- 11What study determines the genetic influence on intelligence?Minnesota twin study by Bouchard et al (1990)
- 12Longitudinal study began when?1979
- 13How many hours of testing and interviews did the twins undergo before concordance rates were determined?50
- 14How many hours of testing and interviews did the twins undergo before concordance rates were determined?50
- 15What are the concordance rates?87% - same person tested twice
86% - MZ twins reared together
76% - MZ twins reared apart
55% - DZ twins
47% - biological siblings reared together - 16What was the mean age of the participants in Minnesota twin study?41
- 17What percentage did Bouchard et al determine the heritability of intelligence to be?70%
- 18Give 5 evaluation points of the Minnesota twin studyAssumption that twins share 100% of environment
Lots of supporting evidence
Very large sample size
Volunteer sample = biased
Many environmental influences may impact intelligence (socio-economic status) - 19What findings support influence of socio-economic influence on intelligence?Moving a child from low to high socio-economic status increased their IQ score by 12-16 points
- 20What is the conclusion of all the genetic studies?Diathesis-stress model - inherit genetic predisposition and an environmental trigger is needed for the behaviour to develop.
- 21What is the conclusion of all these genetic studies?Diathesis-stress model - inherit genetic predisposition and an environmental trigger is needed for the behaviour to develop.
- 22What issues are there with genetic research?Stigma, labelling, causing worry by diagnosis, confidentiality with rare disorders, psychological harm (through knowing your genetic information), self-fulfilling prophecy, reductionist, determinist, can lead to Eugenics and racism/discrimination, measurement issues (etic)
- 23What is 'The Bell Curve' and when was it published?A book published in 1994 stating that white americans have a higher IQ than black Americans
"IQ has more of an effect on future life experiences that SES" - Scarr and Weinnberg found that 130 black/interracial children had higher than mean IQ score when adopted by wealthy families - 24What is evolutionary theory?The theory that we have developed behaviours through natural selection over time
- 25Which gender has greater parental investment and why?Females - must undergo 9 months of pregnancy and lactate at early stages of baby's life
- men can fertilise egg then leave - 26How many participants and countries/cultures and what was the mean age in Buss's evolutionary study of the origins of attraction?1990 - 9000+ pts from 37 countries and 33 cultures. Mean age of 23.15
- 27What were the 3 sections in Buss's survey?1- biological data
2- Details such as age you wish to marry/age of spouse
3- Rated 18 characteristics (dependability) on a 4 point scale - 28Give 4 examples of characteristics that females found preferable for males?Dependability
Height
Age
High social status - 29Give 4 examples of characteristics males found preferable for females?Lustrous hair
Youth
Facial and body symmetry
Curvaceous body shape - 30What is the evolutionary explanation for female mate choice preferences?High parental investment means they need a man who can defend and provide, so traits such as high socio-economic status, old age (stability), good health all suggest that the man will be able to do this and increase chance of survival of offspring
- 31What is the evolutionary explanation for male mate choice preferences?Due to lack of parental certainty, males need to produce as many offspring as possible so look for women with good reproductive ability (increase chance of viable offspring). Traits related to beauty and health/youth suggest this.
- 32What are 3 big problems with the evolutionary theory?Doesn't explain exceptions - not all mothers are younger than the father of their child, and doesn't explain homosexual couples
Is reductionist - oversimplifies mate choice
Determinist - no choice? why don't we fancy literally everyone who has these traits then
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- International Baccalaureate Psychology (Biological level of analysis) Flashcards on Genetics and evolution, created by grenouilleverte3 on 28/03/2015.
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