Flashcards
Unit 2 Learning
Cards in this deck (35)
- 1LearningA relatively permanent change in behaviour that is due to some experience
- 2Classical ConditioningThe learned association between stimulus and a response
- 3Unconditional Response (UCR)Behaviour over which one
has no control; it's automatic - 4Unconditional Stimulus (UCS)Anything that causes a UCR
- 5Conditional Stimulus (CS)The stimulus that is
presented with UCS - 6Conditional Response (CR)The response that occurs
when CS is present - 7Neutral Stimulus (NS)A stimulus that initially produces no specific response other than to focus attention. In Classical Conditioning when used with a UCS, the NS becomes a CS
- 8Positive ReinforcementLeads to behaviour that is repeated because the consequences have been positive and the individual finds it rewarding
- 9Negative ReinforcementTakes place when our behaviour stops something nasty happening
- 10PunishmentA consequence that weakens behaviour (makes it less likely to happen again)
- 11Classical Conditioning- Pavlov's DogsAim: Pavlov was not intending to study conditioning
Method: He presented food in a bowl to a dog several times, in the end the dog salivated even when the bowl was empty. the dog had been conditioned to salivate. Taking it further Pavlov rang a bell when giving the food
Results: After several times, the dog salivated to the bell
Conclusion: Over time the dogs learned to salivate when the bell was ringing. Because of this whenever the stimuli was present the response was given - 12Evaluation - Pavlov's Dogs- You cannot generalise
Humans with dogs
+ Lots of real life examples
of conditioned humans
- Passive learners can do something after one go
- Lacks ethical consideration - 13Pavlov's Proposals - ExtinctionWhen the conditioned stimulus no longer triggers the response
- 14Pavlov's Proposals - Spontaneous RecoveryThe behaviour may be extinct
but is not forgotten - 15Pavlov's Proposals - GeneralisationWhen the response is triggered by something similar to the original stimulus
- 16Pavlov's Proposals - DiscriminationThe animal can learn
not to generalise - 17Classical Conditioning - Watson & Raynor (1920) Little AlbertAim: To see if it was possible to condition somebody to become phobic using the principles of CC
Method: Albert, 11 mo orphan, was given a rat to play with. A bar then made a loud noise above his head that scared him. This was done several times
Results: The researcher then stopped hitting the bar but still gave him a white rat. Albert was frightened and tried to crawl away and cry
Conclusion: Albert had learned to associate the rat with the loud bar that created a fear response. He learnt this through CC - 18Evaluation - Little Albert- Ethics - Albert was unprotected and they never unconditioned him
- Validity - There was no control group so it could have just have been exposure to strange creatures
- Reliability - There was only
one participant - 19Operant Conditioning- Learning through operating
with the environment
- If we do something and it brings a pleasant consequence then we are more likely to do it again
- If there is an unpleasant consequence then we are less likely to do it again - 20RewardsIntrinsic Reward - Non-Physical
Extrinsic Reward - Physical - 21Law Of Effect+ Pleasant consequences get 'Stamped in'
- Unpleasant consequences get
'Stamped Out' - 22Operant Conditioning - Skinner's Rats- An animal inside a box and a lever or key that could deliver food. The animals became quicker at pressing the lever as they knew a reward would come
- Skinner concluded that behaviour can be shaped and maintained by it's consequences
- Skinner tried varying his research. Sometimes the rat would receive a shock and sometimes there was no food - 23Reinforcement- Primary Reinforcement - Anything that satisfies a basic human need
- Secondary Reinforcement -
Pleasant Rewards e.g. money
- Vicarious Reinforcement - Reinforcing behaviour by observing others getting praise or a reward - 24Behaviour ShapingReinforcement can be used to create new behaviour by shaping random behaviour and building up a sequence
- 25Punishment- Any consequence that weakens behaviour
- Skinner believed it has
a limited effect
- Better to reward right behaviour than punish the bad - 26Evaluation - Operant Conditioning- Individual Differences
- People learn without consequences
+ Proven to work
- Has to be consistent to work
+ Way society works
+Eventually learn to do it - 27Phobias'An intense, persistent & irrational fear of something which is accompanied by a compelling desire to avoid and escape'
- 28Overcoming Phobias - Classical Conditioning Systematic Desensitisation- The person is exposed gradually to the feared stimulus in the hopes of causing extinction
- Hierarchy of Fear
- Relaxation techniques with the hierarchy
- Don't move on a stage until ready - 29Evaluation - Systematic Desensitisation- Could take time (years)
- Could Backfire
+ Generally successful for treating phobias of animals / objects
+ Few ethical concerns as patient actively involved
+ More suitable for use with children than other methods
- Expensive
- Patient could suffer panic or heart attack - 30Overcoming Phobias - Classical Conditioning Implosion & Flooding- Idea that you can't maintain the fear response
- A phobic is exposed to their fear & creates an intense fear response
- The phobic cannot escape
- Over time the response becomes exhausted - 31Evaluation - Implosion & Flooding+ Consent is needed
- Right to withdraw is taken
- Could reinforce phobia
+ Technique is mostly successful
+ Cheaper than desensitisation
- Only works on specific phobias - 32Overcoming Phobias - Classical Conditioning Aversion TherapyClassical conditioning that shows behaviour is unpleasant
e.g Alcohol
-An alcoholic is given a drug that causes nausea
-Then given the drug & an
alcoholic drink
-Pairing occurs several times so the alcohol is associated with nausea - 33Evaluation - Aversion Therapy- Reduces rather than erases
+ Clearly - understandable theoretical explanation
+ No more ethical issues than
other methods
- There are still ethical issues
- Client may feel unduly pressured to accept
- Only used to eradicate undesirable behaviour
+ Generally works with alcoholics
- Generalisation may occur - 34Overcoming Phobias - Operant Conditioning Token Economy- Behaviour shaping
- Behaviour is rewarded with tokens that can be exchanged for something the individual wants - 35Evaluation - Token Economy- Can be used on vulnerable people
- People come to expect rewards
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- GCSE Psychology Flashcards on Unit 2 Learning, created by Saskia Wellstead on 27/09/2015.
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- Saskia Wellstead
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