Flashcards
GENETIC CONTROL OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Cards in this deck (53)
- 1DNA acts as a ____ for a sequence of amino acids that make up a proteins.Code
- 2Where in a cell is DNA largely confined to?Nucleus
- 3Where in the cell does protein synthesis take place?Cytoplasm
- 4How is the DNA in the nucleus transferred to the cytoplasm where it is translated into proteins?Sections of the DNA code are transcribed onto a single stranded molecule - RNA
- 5What are the types of RNA we study?mRNA
tRNA - 6Which type of RNA transfers the DNA code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and acts as a messenger?mRNA
- 7mRNA is small enough to leave the nucleus through _______ _____Nuclear pores
- 8Each amino acid is coded for by a sequence of _ nucleotide bases3
- 9What name is given to this sequence?A codon
- 10What is meant when it is said that the code is 'degenerate'?Most amino acids have more than one codon.
- 11How many 'stop codons' are there?3
- 12What do stop codons mark?The end of the peptide chain
- 13Give an example of what is meant when the code is said to be 'non-overlapping'?A base sequence 123456 is read as 123 456 rather than 123 234 345 456 etc
- 14It is a _________ code - it is the same codon codes for the same amino acids in all organismsUniversal
- 15RNA is made of a ______ nucleotide chainSingle
- 16Ribonucleic acid is a _______ made up of repeating mononucleotide sub-unitsPolymer
- 17It forms a single strand in which each nucleotide is made up of:- A pentose sugar ribose
- One of the organic bases (AUGC)
- A phosphate group - 18Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a long strand arranged in a single helix. It is made when DNA makes a mirror ____ of part of one of its two strandsCopy
- 19mRNA enters the __________ through nuclear poresCytoplasm
- 20There it acts as a template upon which _______ are builtProteins
- 21tRNA is relatively small and is made up of around how many nucleotides?80
- 22It is single stranded and folded into what shape?Clover leaf
- 23One end of the structure extends. What is this the point of?Amino acid attachment
- 24What is there at the opposite end of the tRNA molecule?An anticodon
- 25What is the anticodon?A sequence of three organic bases which is complementary to the organic bases on an mRNA molecule
- 26What are the complementary base pairings?AU
GC - 27DNA provides the instructions for protein synthesis in the form of a long sequence of ___________ and the bases they possessNucleotides
- 28A complementary section of part of this sequence is made in the form of a molecule called pre-mRN during a process called....Transcription
- 29The pre-mRNA is _______ to form mRNASpliced
- 30The mRNA is used as a ______ to which complentary tRNA molecules attach and the amino acids they carry are linked to form a oolypeptideTemplate
- 31What enzymes are involved in transcription?DNA helicase
RNA polymerase - 32What does DNA helicase do?It breaks the H-bonds between the bases on a specific region of the DNA, causing the two strands to separate
- 33What does RNA polymerase do to one of these strands of DNA?It moves along one of them (the template strand) causing the nucleotides on the strand to join with individual complementary nucleotides
- 34When does RNA polymerase detach from the DNA?When it reaches the sequence of bases that act as the stop code
- 35What has been successfully produced after RNA polymerase detaches?Pre-mRNA
- 36What has to happen to the pre-mRNA before it leaves the nucleus?It needs to be spliced
- 37Why is this?It contains introns which do not code for proteins - they need to be removed
- 38Which name is given to the sections that do code for proteins?Exons
- 39Once the introns have been removed, the exons can ______ in a variety of combinationsRejoin
- 40This means that a single section of DNA (____) can code for up to a dozen different proteinsGene
- 41What are certain conditions such as Alzheimer's a result of?Mutations that affect splicing - leading to non-functional polypeptides being made
- 42Towards which organelle is the mRNA attracted to when it leaves the nucleus?Ribosomes
- 43What part of tRNA varies?The sequence of bases on the anticodon loop
- 44At the other end of the tRNA molecule there is a point of attachment for an ______ ____Amino acid
- 45During __________, a ribosome becomes attach to the starting codon at one end of an mRNA moleculetranslation
- 46A tRNA molecule with a _________ ______ _______ moves to the ribosome are pairs up with the mRNaComplementary anticodon sequence
- 47What does this tRNA molecule carry?An amino acid
- 48A tRNA molecule with a complementary anticodon to the next codon attaches, also carrying an amino acid. How are these amino acids joined?Peptide bond
Enzymes
ATP - 49When a third tRNA comes to join onto a codon, the first tRNA is ______Released
- 50What is this tRNA molecule free to do?Collect another amino acid from the amino acid pool in the cell
- 51This process continues until what is made?A polypeptide
- 52How can many (up to 50) polypeptide chains be made simultaneously?Up to 50 ribosomes can follow behind the first
- 53At what point is the polypeptide chain complete?When the ribosome reaches a stop codon
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- A-Level A2 BIOLOGY Flashcards on GENETIC CONTROL OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION, created by ashiana121 on 26/01/2016.
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