Flashcards
Issues and Debates AQA A2
Cards in this deck (37)
- 1Free will and determinismRevolves around whether or not people are free to choose how to think and behave or if behaviour is determined
- 2Hard determinismImplies that it should be possible to identify all causes of behaviour
- 3Soft DeterminismAllows for both human behaviour to be determined and for people to exercise their free will
- 4Biological determinismDifferent parts of the brain, instinctive needs, hormonal system, evolutionary forces, genes
- 5Environmental determinismGood for prediction and control. Behaviour is under the control of reinforcement and punishment
- 6Psychic determinismFreud saw all thoughts and behaviour come from the unconscious mind and that nothing is an accident
- 7Determinism and the scientific methodDeterminism is compatible with the scientific method and helps raise the profile of psychology as a science as it obeys general laws
- 8Humanistic psychologistsSubscribe to a free will point of view. But- consider mental illness... is it by free will?
- 9DescartesSubscribed to a view called nativism which argues that certain human characteristics are innate
- 10The Empiricist viewpointJohn Locke, David Hume and John Stewart Mill argued that all knowledge is derived from human experience
- 11Heritability coefficientProvides a numerical figure from 0 to 1 representing the extent to which a characteristic is genetic in its origin with 1 being purely genetic
- 12Plomin et alFound personality characteristics had a heritability coefficient of between 0.15 and 0.5
- 13Nature and nurtureTo study the relative contribution of nature and nurture, twin studies and adoption studies are used to compare the environment to genetics
- 14Social sensitivityRefers to any psychological research that has wider ethical implications that impact outside of the research context that may affect groups of people in society
- 15UniversalityWhen applied to gender, means that all research is assumed to apply equally to both genders
- 16AndrocentrismRefers to the fact that psychology has been male dominated and the theories tend to represent all male view which could result in alpha or beta bias
- 17Alpha bias (gender)An attempt to exaggerate the differences between genders
- 18Beta bias (gender)An attempt to downplay the differences between genders
- 19Western biasMost psychologists have been trained in the West
- 20Cultural BiasConcerned with the distorted view that psychologists have because of their own cultural affiliations and how this bias affects theories and studies
- 21Alpha bias (cultural)Refers to the theories that assume there are real differences between individualistic and collectivist cultures in conformity that turned out to be false
- 22Beta bias (cultural)Ignores or minimalises cultural differences, stating that all people are the same so should be investigated with the same methods such as IQ tests (Chilting test)
- 23EthnocentrismRefers to the use of our own ethnic or cultural group as a basis for judgement about other groups (Batista family)
- 24Cultural relativismThe idea that there is no right or wrong and it is important to consider the behaviour of an individual within their culture
- 25Etic constantThe idea that an idea can be applied to all cultural groups.
- 26Emic constantIdea that only applies to one cultural group
- 27Imposed eticA culture specific idea is wrongly imposed on another culture
- 28Idiographic approachFocused on the differences between people and recognises the uniqueness of the person. This approach employs methods like an unstructured interview. It tends to adopt a holistic perspective but may seem unscientific
- 29Nomothetic approachFocusses on the similarities between people and attempts to establish general laws. It is aligned with the scientific approach and adopts a reductionist viewpoint
- 30Reciprocal determinismHuman behaviour is affected by and affects the environment. A person's consciousness and awareness affected the behaviour and environment
- 31HolismThe whole is greater than the sum of the parts
- 32ReductionismTo understand human beings, the whole must be reduced to the simplest component parts
- 33Levels of explanationHighest- cultural and social
Middle- psychological
Lower- biological - 34Biological reductionismAttempts to explain all behaviour in terms of neuropsychology, genes and biochemistry
- 35BehaviouristsReduce behaviour to stimulus response associations in the environment
- 36Gestalt psychologistsReject the reductionism approach
- 37KohlerGestalt psychologist that showed problem solving in animals could not be reduced as problems are solved via insight learning which he linked back to creativity in humans
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- A level Psychology (Issues and debates) Flashcards on Issues and Debates AQA A2, created by Ewa Klonowicz on 12/04/2017.
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- Ewa Klonowicz
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