Flashcards
Elizabeth I - Government and Religion
Cards in this deck (35)
- 1Elizabeth succession problems- Young, female, unmarried
- Faced significant pressure to get married by parliament (1559, 1563, 1566)
- Mother disliked = Boleyn
- PROTESTANT
- economic turmoil = harvests and influenza
- previous FP failures = Boulogne and Calais (1550 and 1558)
- BUT well educated and youth = long reign - 2Aims at start of reign1) Consolidate power = imp. after chaotic MTC
2) Settle religious turmoil
3) Pursue a peaceful French settlement - 34 levels of Elizabethan government* Royal Court
* Privy Council
* Parliament
* Local Gov - 4Royal Court- Made up of Presence/Privy chamber
- use to seek out influence and ensure support (through distribution of patronage)
- Presence = open area for access of anyone with right status
- Privy = greater importance
- Gentlemen no longer able to access privy
- Lord Chamberlain = key official - normally only close relations appointed - 5What was the Privy Council?- where Queen's principle ministers came together
- Regular meetings
- about 10 ministers
- William Cecil = dominant figure
- Sir Nicholas Bacon, Earl of Bedford
- Policy advice/administration - 6Key roles of Privy Council- Star Chamber = adjudicate as court of law
- Enforce religious settlement through JPs
- Enforce law and regulations - e.g. law and order, prices, wages
- Administer lower level officials - JPs, Sheriffs, Lieutenants
- Oversee regional councils (North/Wales)
- Manage crown $ with Treasurer/Exchequer - 7Conservative members of PC- Duke of Norfolk (Howard) = 'leader'
- Earls of Sussex and Shrewsbury - regularly away from court = less influence
- Robert Dudley (Leicester) = a favourite of Elizabeths
- BUT influence reduced after Norfolk 1572 execution for plotting with MQS - 8Protestant councillors on PC- Increased influence after 1572 Norfolk execution
- Became dominated by protestants
- Sir Francis Walsingham, Sir Thomas Smith, Earl of Warwick - 9Problems with PC in 1580s- Numerous deaths = only 11 remaining members in 1597
- Dudley death = 1588
- Absense of senior advisors as son replacements lacked same political experience
- Eliz refuse to let Cecil to retire
- Robert Cecil promotion to replace father upset other members - 10Court factional rivalry- not initially big issue as balance/shared powers between councillors
- Some = opposed to Cecil influence
- Norfolk + MQS Northern Rebellion = attempt to restore Catholicism (1569)
- 1570s and 80s = :) :) :)
- Councillors often fought for Queen's interest
- Earl of Essex = 1601 failed rebellion against Queen reflected growing discontent - 11Queens public image- strong image of good health
- Seen dancing with ambassadors
- Masculine power in her skilled interest in hunting
BUT prone to headaches, fainting, toothache, bad eyesight
1563 = so ill Parliament pressure for successor - 12How did Elizabeth create a strong image?- Less extravagant court to create presentation as in charge of $ /decisions
- 1963 Parliamentary subsidy of £40,000 a year to fund court BUT extra given to poor
- Hosted court jousting events = Elizabeth provider of honour and glory
- Controlled her portraits
- Symbolism of peace, purity, plenty
- "Virgin Mary" = :) Catholics
- Greek goddess imagery
- Hosted dances/masques at court - 13Define Patronage* The power to control appointments and right to privileges
* Used to gain/retain loyalty of elite
* Crown controlled appointments to local/central gov, church, law etc.
* Also grant pensions and land = HVIII example showed the importance of land
* Grant titles = only 18 total granted
* Fewer nobles by death than 1558 - 14Importance of Parliament- 'necessary but occasional evil'
- secondary feature of political system ??
- conflict over Eliz SUCCESSION
- But still held important roles
1) Law making = 438 acts passed (religion and social legislation)
2) Taxation = 11/13 sessions for $$$
3) Advice = E not appreciate MP views on FP, marriage, religion, succession - 15How were Parliament sessions managed?- Cecil = key managerial role
- Prepared Crowns legislative programme
- allied team in Parliament of diplomats
- Privy Council effective involvement in P sessions = outline priorities of crown
- BUT anger Queen with attempts to push succession - 1563, 1566
- By 1593 less effective control as temper
- 1593 3 MPs imprisoned for crossing into issues of royal prerogative - 16Parliament and succession- 1563 = first Parliament = called for demand of money
- MPs (and secretly PC members) pushed her to name successor
- On deathbed with smallpox !!
- BUT considered to be issue of royal prerogative
- 1566 = similarly again - 17What was Elizabeths main aim in parliament?MONEY
* FP = 1589 double subsidy, 1593 triple subsidy and 1601 quadruple subsidy
*Church = 1581/85 anti-catholic laws tightened
* Crown security = after 1571 Ridolfi Plot, MQS execution debated repeatedly
* Poor law = 1598 - 18Parliament in 1601- final P session
- effective relationship broke down without management of Cecil
- issue of MONOPOLIES
- Compromise reached
- Famous 'golden speech' - 19JPs- key figures in local gov
- Appointed by gentry ranks or wealthy families or merchant elite
- Role = punishing offenders, maintaining law and order, Poor Law and religious administration
- 1600 = 50 JPs average per county
- JP residency forced = unpopular laws often ignored - 20Lord Lieutenants- grew in influence under Elizabeth
- Appointed permanently in (almost) every county
- Manage the raising of troops
- Supervise JP work and report local activity to Privy Council
- title of prestige - 21Financial problems facing gov* Period of significant inflation
* Crown = forced to increase income
* Extended work of Mary = Book of Rates, 1558
* Between 1558-1603 = income +50%
* Still not enough to afford war with Spain
* Left the crown in debt - 22How were royal finances raised?- Mary's Book of Rates (1558) = increase income on exports
- Recovery of cloth industry
- Religious sources = 'first fruits' tax
- Parliament = FP subsidy
- Crown lands sold = £800,000 - 23Response to 1559 settlement- satisfy majority as moderate policy
- reflected mood of society = stability
- BUT not solve religious disputes
- Still Catholics fighting for faith restoration while others want NO 'Popish' elements
- 1603 all unnecessary elements removed after Catholicism discredited by Spanish and rebellion association - 24Emergence of puritanism- 1560s and 70s emergence
- extreme Protestants
- Believed the 1559 settlement to be incomplete
- 1566 = Vestiarian Controversy = refuse to wear clerical dress outlined in Uniformity
- Thomas Sampson (academic) dismissed - 25What were the 1566 'Advertisements'?- March 1566
- required Clergy to follow one uniformity
- created by AB Parker and 5 Bishops
- 37 London clergymen refuse to sign = dismissed from their posts
- Showed Queen determination behind settlement - 26What was the Presbyterian movement?- part of broader Puritan movement
- Desire for further protestant reform and structure of CoE
- attacked the Book of Common Prayer and called for Bishop abolishment
- Cartwright = belief that 'Popish' principles created a flawed church
- Based in small area = London, Essex, Suffolk, Uni of Cambridge
- Elite supporters = e.g. Leicester
- Movement didn't decline until late 1580s - 27Who was Whitgift?- Archbishop of Canterbury = Eliz supported
- Powerful ally against radical elements of English church
- Defended 1559 Settlement against radicals
- Published articles for clergy to follow
- Royal Supremacy, Prayer Book and 39 Articles = word of God
- BUT despite Queen = articles weakened
- Even moderate clergy struggled with justification of Prayer book - 28Separatists- Radical Protestants
- complete sedation from Church
- small congregations in London
- BUT leaders executed and movement destroyed - 29Decline of Puritanism- 1580s
- Deaths of Leicester, Walsingham, Mildmay
- no longer any political supporters in court
- Defeat of Spanish Armada = less threat of catholicism - 30Catholicism at the start of Elizabeths reign- main concern = obedience to her reign
- Fines/imposed land if caught saying Catholic mass = BUT not too severe
- Mary's bishops deprived of offices
- BUT few of fines = collected
- Lancashire still catholic rituals - even Latin service (1560s)
- Elizabeth still favour cautious policy approach = as Liz not allow Parliament 1563 stricter anti-catholic laws to pass
- Death penalty if refuse Oath of Supremacy - 31Why did Elizabeth's policy towards Catholicism become stricter?- late 1560s
- 1568 = MQoS arrive in England = clear threat to throne
- Catholic plots against Liz ( N.Earls, 1569 and Ridolfi Plot, 1571)
- 1570 = Excommunicated from Catholic church by Pope and Pope encourage English Catholics to go against Queen orders
- 1571, Treason Act = make denial of Supremacy and follow Popes orders punishable by death
- BUT still block radical Protestant polices - 32Douai Priests* Catholic Priests trained in Europe
* First arrival in 1574 = 4 Priests
* 100 by 1590
* Moved around in secret
* Initially not seen as major threat BUT result of MQoS and Spain = execution of several priests for denying Supremacy - 33Jesuit Priests- From 1580
- Trained by the society of Jesus
- Focused on missionary work
- Seen as dangerous fanatics
- Execution of Ed Campion in 1581
- Subject to punishment in 1581 and 1585 Parliamentary acts - 34Parliamentary acts against Priests* 1581 = ensure Priest obedience
- Saying mass = 200 mark fine, penalty of years imprisonment
- Failure to attend Church = £20 per month
* 1585 = result of Throckmorton
- Catholic priests = 40 days to leave England
- If not = high treason
* During reign Liz executed 150 Cath Priests
* Consequently Catholicism became less of threat - only remained in wealthy homes - 35Condition of Church in 1603- 1559 Settlement remained basis of Elizabeths church
- Radicals = more acceptance of middle of the road policies
- Catholicism discredited by rebellions due to its attempt to overthrow legitimate monarch
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- A level History (TUDORS) Flashcards on Elizabeth I - Government and Religion, created by Emily Bevis on 02/05/2018.
- Created by
- Emily Bevis · May 2018
- Updated
- May 15, 2018
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