Flashcards
Psychology definitions
Cards in this deck (84)
- 1PhonemesThe smallest units of sound in a spoken language
- 2NarcolepsyA disease marked by sudden and irresistible onsets of sleep during normal waking hours.
- 3Neurogenesisthe formation of new neurons
- 4hypothesistestable
specific
variable - 5Sleep apneaa sleep disorder characterized by frequent reflexive gasping for air that awakens a person and disrupts sleep.
- 6Theorya system of interrelated ideas that is used to explain a set of observations.
- 7Extinctionthe gradual weakening and disappearance of conditioned response tendency
- 8Extraneous variablesany variables other than the independent variable that seem likely to influence the dependent variable in a specific study.
- 9Heuristica strategy, guiding principle, or rule of thumb, used in solving problems or making decisions.
- 10Hypnosisa systematic procedure that typically produces a heightened state of suggestibility
- 11Behaviour modifcationA systematic approach to changing behaviour through the application of the principles of conditioning
- 12Conditioned responsea learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning
- 13Classical conditioningA type of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus.
- 14Dependent variablein an experiment, the variable that is thought to be affected by the manipulation of the independent variable.
- 15Decision makingthe process of evaluating alternative and making choices among them.
- 16Field dependence-independenceindividuals tendency to rely primarily on external versus internal frames of reference when orienting themselves in space.
- 17Flash bulb memoryunusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events
- 18Absolute thresholdthe minimum amount of stimulation that an organism can detect for a specific type of sensory input.
- 19Independent variablein an experiment, condition, or event that an experiment varies in order to see its impact on another variable.
- 20insomniachronic problems in getting adequate sleep
- 21Law of effectthe principle that if a response in the presence of a stimulus leads to satisfying effects, the association between the stimulus and the response is strengthened.
- 22MorphemeThe smallest units of meaning in a language.
- 23Negative reinforcementthe strengthening of a response because it is followed by the removal of an averse stimulus.
- 24Neurotransmitterschemicals that transmit one neuron to another
- 25neuronsindividual cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate, and transmit information
- 26operational definitona definition that describes the actions or operations that will be made to measure or control a variable
- 27operant conditioninga form of leaning which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences.
- 28Phonemesthe smallest units of sound in a spoken language
- 29Positive reinforcementreinforcement that occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus.
- 30Perceptionthe selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory inputs.
- 31Sensationthe stimulation of sense organs
- 32Unconditioned responsean unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning
- 33Signal-detection theorya psychophysiological theory proposing that they detection of stimuli involves decision processes as well as sensory processes, which are influenced by a variety of factors besides the physical intensity of a stimulus
- 34rodsspecialized visual receptors that play a key role in night vision and peripheral vision
- 35conesspecialized visual receptors that play a key role in daylight vision and colour vision
- 36Self-reverent encodingdeciding how or whether information is personally relevant
- 37Functionalismpg6
- 38Structuralismpg 6
- 39Problem solving365-373
- 40Research method49
- 41telegraphic speech356
- 42experiment49-53, and 70-71
- 43memory processing level304-305
- 44eye145
- 45sensory system136-197
- 46consciousness198-247, 9-10, 552
- 47depth perception163
- 48Gestadlt principle160-161
- 49learning248-299, 651-652
- 50drugs716-721, 256-257, 231-238, 624-625
- 51signal detection theory140-141
- 52risky decisions376-377
- 53brain wave98, 202
- 54connectionism315
- 55Retinathe neural tissue that receives the light.
- 56Cornealight enters the eye through a transparent window at the front.
- 57lenstransparent eye structure that focuses the light rays falling on the retina
- 58pupilopening in the centre of the iris that helps regulate the amount of light passing into the rear chamber of the eye
- 59iriscoloured part of eye
- 60sleep stage 2~10-25 minutes long
brain waves gradually become higher in amplitude and slower in frequency as the body moves into a deeper form of sleep called slow wave sleep - 61Stage 3 and 4slow wave sleep
progressively more delta waves - 62REM SLEEPlow-voltage- high frequency waves
- 63behaviourismskinner
Pavlov
Watson - 64CognitivePiaget
Chomsky
Herbert Simon - 65BiologicalJames Olds
Roger Sperry
David Hubel
Torsten Wiesel - 66EvolutionaryDavid Buss
Martin Daly
Margo Wilson
Leda Cosmides
John Tooby - 67Behavioural Concepteffects of behaviour on animals and human
- 68Psychoanalytic ConceptUnconscious determinants of behaviour
- 69Humanistic ConceptUnique aspects of human experience
- 70Cognitive ConceptTHoughts; Mental process
- 71Biological ConceptPhysiological basis of behaviour in humans and animals
1950- present - 72Evolutionary Concept 1980-presentEvolutionary basis of behaviour in humans and animals
- 73Electroencephalograph (EEG)is a device that monitors the electrical activity of the brain over time by means of recording electrodes attached to the surface of the scalp.
- 74AntiAnxiety drugswhich relieve tension, apprehension, and nervousness
- 75Antipsychotic drugsare used to gradually reduce psychotic symptoms, including hyperactivity, mental confusion, hallucinations, and delusions.
- 76Antidepressant Drugsgradually elevate mood and help bring people out of depression
- 77Drug CategoriesNarcotics,
Sedatives,
Stimulants,
Hallucinogens,
Cannabis,
Alcohol - 78Narcotics (opiates)Tolerance- Rapid
Risk of Physical Dependence- High
Risk of Psychological Dependence- High
Fatal Overdose Potential- High
Health Risk- infectious diseases, accidents, immune suppression - 79SedativesTolerance-Rapid
Risk of physical dependence- high
Risk of psychological dependence- high
Fatal Overdose potential- high
Health risks- accidents - 80StimulantsTolerance- Rapid
Risk of Physical Dependence- Moderate
Risk of Psychological dependence- high
Fatal Overdose Potential- Moderate to high
Health risks- sleep problems, malnutrition, nasal damage, hypertension, respiratory disease, stroke, liver disease, heart attack - 81HallucinogensTolerance- Gradual
Risk of Physical Dependence- None
RIsk of Psychological dependence- very low
Fatal Overdose Potential- very low
Health risks- accidents - 82CannabisTolerance- Gradual
Risk of Physical Dependence- None
Risk of Psychological Dependence- low to moderate
Fatal overdose potential- very low
Health risks- Accidents, lung cancer, respiratory disease, pulmonary disease - 83AlcoholTolerance- Gradual
RIsk of Physical dependence- Moderate
Risk of Psychological Dependence- Moderate
Fatal overdose Potential- low to high
Health risks- accidents, liver disease, malnutrition, brain damage, neurological disorders, heart disease, stroke, hyper tension, ulcers, cancer, birth defects - 84Unconsciouscontains thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of the conscious awareness that can easily be retrieved