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attachment

Eloise Rennie Psychology A level English 137 cards

Cards in this deck (137)

  1. 1what is an attachment?the formation of a strong reciprocal emotional bond between an infant and a mother (primary caregiver)
  2. 2examples of behaviours that demonstrate attachmentproximity
    safe-base behaviour
    separation distress
    reunion behaviour
  3. 3examples of social releaserssmiling, crying, reaching out, baby face-
  4. 4what is a social releaseran action that a baby does to elicit a response from the caregiver who can respond to the needs of the baby
  5. 5what is reciprocitywhere an infant responds to the action of another person or where the actions of one partner elicits a response from the other- turn-taking and not the same actions as each other
  6. 6interactional synchronywhere an infant mirrors the actions of another person-infant imitating behaviours/emotions of parents/caregivers
  7. 7who did research into reciprocitytronick
  8. 8what did tronick studyasked mothers to stop moving their faces and maintain a static, unsmiling expression on their faces in front of their baby. baby would try to get attention by tempting them into interaction by smiling themselves and would become puzzled/increasingly distressed when their smile did not elicit the same response.
  9. 9who did research into interactional synchronymeltzoff and Moore
  10. 10what did Meltzoff and Moore research- methodbabies ages 12-27 days exposed to three facial gestures. an independent observer was asked to note all instances of tongue protrusion and head movements using behavioural categories. each observer scored the tapes twice (allowing inter-rater reliability and intra-observer reliability to be assessed)
  11. 11what did meltzoff and Moore findthere was an association between the expressions of a child and adult. they had imitated the behaviour. higher levels of synchrony - higher quality attachment
  12. 12what two facial gestures did they measuretongue protrusion
    lip protrusion
  13. 13evaluation of care-giver infant interactions- well-controlled observationsresearch uses well controlled proceudres/observations. mother infant-interactions filmed, often from multiple angles- ensuring fine details of behaviour can be recorded and later analysed. Infants unlikely to suffer demand characteristics- good validity- babies don't know they have been observed so their behaviour doesn't change in response to observation.
  14. 14evaluation of care-giver interactionshard to investigate infant behaviour- many studies show the same patterns of behaviour. however, what is being observed is merely hand movements/changes one expression. it is difficult to be sure what is taking place from the infant perspectives. (is the infants imitation of adults conscious and deliberate) as many babies make faces all the time so it is difficult to distinguish between normal behaviour and imitation. we cannot be certain that behaviours seen in mother-infant interactions have a special meaning
  15. 15evaluation of care-giver infant interactions - socially sensitive implicationssuggests children may be disadvantaged by particular child rearing practices. specifically mothers who return to work shortly after a child is born to restrict the opportunities for achieving interactional synchrony. suggesting mothers shouldn't return to work so soon -this has obvious socially sensitive implications
  16. 16What was Schaffers stages of attachment study method60 Glaswegian mothers and her infants from working class families. mother visited at home every month for the first year and again at 18 months- so this was a longitudinal study. the mothers were asked to keep a diary- noting down instances of stranger anxiety and separation anxiety which was designed to measure the infants attachment
  17. 17what did they find about attachments between mother and infantattachment tended to be to the caregiver who was most interactive and sensitive to the infants signals and facial expressions - not neccessarily the person who spent the most time with the infant
  18. 18what is the asocial stage of attachment- what time period did this occur in0-6 weeks- baby shows similar responses to objects/people- preference for familiar individuals who can calm them- they like eyes and faces
  19. 19what is the indiscriminate stage and what time period did this occur in?between 6 weeks to 6 months- preference for human company. can distinguish between different people, but people are comforted by anyone- attachment behaviour is not different towards any one person
  20. 20what is the discriminate stage and what time period did this occur in?6 months to 1 year- an infant shows a preference for one caregiver displaying separation and stranger anxiety. look for a particular person for security, comfort and protection
  21. 21what is the multiple stage of attachment and what time period did this occur in?1 year+
    The attachment behaviours are now displayed towards several different people- are called secondary attachments- like grandparents and siblings
  22. 22Evaluating Schaffer and Emerson- strength- good external validitythe study was carried out in the families own home and most of the observation (other than stranger anxiety) was done by the parents during ordinary activities and reported to researchers later. this means the behaviour of the babies was unlikely to be affected by the presence of observers. there is an excellent chance that participants behaved naturally while being observed. meaning the study has good external validity.
  23. 23evaluating Schaffer and Emerson- strength-longitudinal studythe study was carried out over 18 months. this is beneficial because the researchers are able to see change happening over time to the same individual so participant variables are controlled. the quicker alternative would have been to observe different children at each age. this is called a cross- sectional design. However, longitudinal designs have better internal validity than cross-sectional designs because they do not have confounding variables of individual differences between participants.
  24. 24evaluating Schaffer and Emerson- lacks population validity - weaknessthe sample size of 60 babies and their carers being studied was good considering the large volume of data that was gathered on each participant. however the fact that all the families involved were from the same district and social class in the same city at a Time over 50 years ago is a limitation. child rearing varies from one culture to another. these results do not necessarily generalise well to other social and historical contexts
  25. 25Evaluating Schaffer and Emerson- lacks internal validity- social desirability bias- weaknessthe mothers data isn't always reliable- not trustworthy because mothers might change the data they collect to look like a better mother or might not even be able to write in a diary everyday when they are very busy looking after a new-born baby and are very tired
  26. 26who investigated imprinting in animalsLorenz
  27. 27what was Lorenz methodLorenz got a clutch of geese eggs- divided them into two groups- one group hatched infant of mother and one group placed in incubator to be hatched in front of Lorenz.
  28. 28what did Lorenz findhe found that geese imprinted onto the first large moving object that they saw
  29. 29why do animals imprintthey attach to and follow the first large moving object they saw- this is to enable survival of the geese
  30. 30what did Lorenz identify as the critical period12-32 hours- if imprinting didn't take place In this period then the geese didn't imprint or attach themselves to a mother figure
  31. 31what is sexual imprintingobserved that birds would display courtship behaviour towards humans if the bird had imprinting on a human. peacock brought up in a reptile house of a zoo who had imprinted on a giant tortoise and displayed direct courtship towards giant tortoises.
  32. 32weakness of lorenz- generalisabilitytrying to apply the findings to humans Is questionable as ducks aren't similar to humans (they are not closely related) the attachment system in birds is less complex as mammals show much more emotional attachment. so we cannot extrapolate the findings of bird attachment to human attachment behaviours as we are very different species.
  33. 33weakness of lorenz- some observations have been questionedfurther research has found that chickens imprinted on yellow washing up gloves and would try to mate with them as adults. this suggests that young animals are born with infant mechanisms to imprint on the first large moving object but they eventually learnt that other chickens were preferable to mate with suggesting that the impact of imprinting on mating behaviour is not as permanent as lorenz believed
  34. 34What did Harlow researchis contact comfort more important than food in the formation of attachments
  35. 35method of Harlow16 baby rhesus monkeys- lab experiment- monkeys could only get milk from surrogate wire monkey and could only get comfort from a soft cloth surrogate mother
  36. 36what did Harlow find?he found that monkeys would seek out the soft cloth mother rather than the wire mother when they were scared. contact comfort is thought to be more important than food
  37. 37what did Harlow found about monkeys who had been deprived of a real mother when they were adult monkeys ?early maternal deprivation had a permament effect. the researchers found severe consequences. the monkeys reared with wire mothers were the most dysfunctional but even those with a soft surrogate mother still didn't develop normal social behaviour. they were more aggressive and less sociable when placed with other monkeys. they were unskilled at mating but if they were able to reproduce, they were poor caregivers, often killing/attacking own young.
  38. 38what was harlow critical period ?a mother figure had to be introduced to an infant monkey within 90 days for an attachment to form. after this time attachment was impossible and the damage done by early deprivation became irreversible
  39. 39Strength of harlow research- theoretical value - showed importance of attachments as there can be detrimental effects without themhad a profound effect on psychologists understanding of human mother infant attachment. harlow showed that attachment does not develop as a result of being fed by a mother-figure but as a result of contact-comfort. harlow showed the importance of the quality of early attachment for later social development including the ability to hold down adult relationships and successfully rear children
  40. 40Strength of harlow research- practical real world applicationhelped social workers and understand the risk factors of child neglect and abuse and so intervene to prevent it. important in the care of captive monkeys, we now understand the importance of proper attachments figures for baby monkeys in zoos and also in breeding programmes in the wild.
  41. 41weakness of harlow research- ethical issuesthe monkeys suffered greatly as a resultt of hallows procedures. this species is similar enough to humans to be able to generalise the findings which also means that their suffering was presumably quite human like. harlow himself was aware of the suffering he caused- he referred to the wire mothers used in the experiment as iron maidens- named after a medieval torture device. however it did provide useful insights into preventing child abuse-neglect etc. practical applications may be seen to outweigh the effects of affecting a small sample of monkeys
  42. 42evaluating animal research studies- application to humans- cannot extrapolate findings of animals onto humans - weaknessone weakness of animal studies of attachment is that the results may not apply to humans. some psychologists argue that it is unlikely that observations of goslings who are mobile from birth following a researcher or rhesus monkeys clinging onto cloth covered wire models reflect the emotional connections and interactions that characterise human attachments. humans rely on care-giver for everything as we aren't independent and cannot move on our own at that age as we are immobile. therefore we may be unable to extrapolate findings from animal to humans in attachment research because human babies are more reliant on caregivers for all their needs. this limits the applications of such findings.
  43. 43evaluating animal studies of attachment - monkeys and humans aren't that differenthowever, some psychologists argue that monkeys and humans are not the different. psychologists state that on a. biological level humans and monkeys have the same brain structures. Lorenz's study may be less applicable to humans as birds are not as similar to humans as mammals are. therefore the findings of harlow may provide some insight into human behaviour, due to the similarity of monkeys and humans.
  44. 44weakness of animal studies in attachment- ethical issues/immoralanimal research is often unethical/immoral. is it often argued that animals have a right not to be researched on/harmed and the monkeys raised in hallows experiment all displayed dysfunctional adult behaviour later on in life. they were unable to mate, aggressive towards their young and this lasted for 7 generations. did the costs out-weight the benefits of research?- therefore such research is unethical which makes the purpose and integrity of animal research questionable.
  45. 45evaluation of animal studies of attachment- practical and theoretical valueHarlow and Lorenz's research have had important theoretical and practical value. harlows research has had a profound effect on psychologists understanding of attachment and early attachment affects the quality of later relationships. practical applications include helping social workers understand the risk factors of neglect and abuse and how to intervene and prevent it. also these findings are helpful in the care of captive monkeys. Lorenz's findings was highly influential in the later work of Bolwby. this suggests that studies of animal attachment have been very influential in the management and understanding of both animals and human early relationships.
  46. 46who came up with social learning theoryDollard and miller
  47. 47what did Dollard and miller proposethat care-giver interactions and attachment can be explained through the learning theory which involved classical and operant conditioning.
  48. 48what is classical conditioninginvolves learning to associate two stimuli together so that we begin to respond to one in the same way as we already respond to the other
  49. 49what is the unconditioned stimulusfood is the unconditioned stimulus
  50. 50what is the unconditioned responsepleasure from the food
  51. 51what is the neutral stimulusmother/caregiver
  52. 52what response does the neutral stimulus giveneutral response
  53. 53what is the conditioned stimulusmother
  54. 54conditioned responsepleasure
  55. 55how does classical conditioning workfood is the US
    PLleasure is the UR
    A caregiver starts as a neutral stimulus that produces a neutral response
    When the same person provides the food over time they become associated with food- when the baby sees this person, there is an immediate expectation of food
    the neutral stimulus is now a conditioned stimulus
    the caregiver alone produces a conditioned response of pleasure
  56. 56what is operant conditioninginvolves learning to repeat a behaviour or not depending on the consequences
  57. 57how are babies reinforced?babies are reinforced (rewards) in the behaviours that will provide desirable response from caregivers. (fed when they cry) the two way the interaction between caregiver and baby helps them form an attachment as crying produces a pleasurable consequence if the caregiver provides the correct response
  58. 58what is the drive reduction theory-they believe that we have the drive which motivates behaviour- such as Hunger-
    babies are motivated to reduce this discomfort- they cry. when they are fed this produces a feeling of pleasure - positive reinforcement (operant conditioning) the behaviour is more likely to be repeated as It has been rewarded
    -food provides the reward
    -through classical conditioning, the person who supplies the reward also becomes rewarding because they are associated with the reward. this is a conditioned stimulus, usually the mother.
  59. 59Evaluating learning theory - strengthsome elements of conditioning could be involved in attachment. - in support of the learning theory some elements of conditioning could be involved in attachment - rather than feeding being the main unconditioned stimulus it is probable that comfort and social interactions are they key factors associated with attachment figures. thus, although the theory is widely disregarded today it is still credible that conditioning plays some role In attachment formation. it is likely that conditioning plays a role in attachment but not about being fed as babies are fed 100's of times by their caregiver.
  60. 60Evaluation of learning theory- counter evidence from human research by Schaffer and EmersonSchaffer and Emerson found that attachments are based on response sensitive individuals rather than whoever feeds them. infants can forms stronger attachments to people who are sensitive to their needs rather than who feeds them. the research of Schaffer and Emerson found that some babies went on to develop a primary attachment to their biological mother even when other carers did the majority. of the feeding. therefore, learning theory has overestimated the role of feeding and food in the developing attachment process.
  61. 61evaluating the learning theory- weakness- counter evidence from animal research by Harlowchallenges the basis of the theory harlow found that rhesus monkeys who were raised by two artificial surrogate mothers- one which provided food and one which provided comfort. they spent most of the time with the one that provided comfort rather than food. this suggests that attachments are based on contact comfort and not food. these studies show us that whereas the learning theory suggests babies form attachments based on food, other animal studies suggest that attachment may be innate
  62. 62evaluating the learning theory- environmentally reductionistit is focused on only one environmental factor leading to attachment- food and learning to associate a person who provides food with reward and pleasure. this is very over-simplified and there are multiple other factors which will affect the development of attachment, such as the sensitivity of the key carer. the explanation also excludes biological factors- the focuses is purely on environment and learning. it may well be that babies are hardwired from birth to attach. attachment may be instinctive as believed by key theorist John blowsy. therefore the theory oversimplifies attachment and has ignored other factors such as sensitivity and biological drives that are now seen as crucial in attachment formations.
  63. 63what explanation did John bolwby use to explain attachmentsevolutionary explanation- babies will have an innate attachment drive to survive as security = survival. babies will stay close to one carers for safety. Bolwby's theory is based on lorenz imprinting and harlow contact-comfort theories
  64. 645 key theories of John bolwbyadaptive
    social releasers
    critical period
    monotropy
    internal working model
  65. 65what does adaptive meanforming attachments help the babies survival- infant is kept safe, given food and kept warm If they have a primary caregiver
  66. 66what are social releasersbabies cry, smile etc to unlock an innate tendency in adults to care for them
  67. 67what is the critical periodbetween birth and 2 and a half years- no attachment formed in this time= damaged children socially, emotionally, physically
  68. 68what is monotropyMonotropy- unique strong attachment to a single care giver, the mother
  69. 69what is the internal working modelthe first strong attachment the child has made with its mother provides a blueprint/template for later attachments/relationships. the internal working model acts as a guide on how to conduct future relationships, such as if people can be trusted or if relationships are loving
  70. 70evaluation of bolwby monotropic theory- research evidence by lorenzlorenz divided a group of goose eggs into two groups. one left with natural mother and others placed in incubator. lorenz made sure that when the eggs hatched in the incubator condition, he was the first large moving object they saw. lorenz found that the baby geese imprinted onto him and concluded that imprinting is an innate biological response and takes place within the first few hours of life. this supports bolwbys theory that attachment is adaptive/innate and the idea of a critical period. this provides support for the notion that some animals form an innate attachment during a very specific time frame
  71. 71evaluation of Bowlby mono tropic theory- over focusing on the mother as the key attachment figurehe has been criticised for costing on the mother as the key attachment figure- this is a form of beta bias (gender bias)- argues very strongly for the mother as the key attachment figure however he also recognised the importance of the role of the mother. mother love is as important for mental health as vitamins are for physical health. lacks temporal validity - in modern day society men are expected to have a much more equal part in the care of their children.
  72. 72evaluation- support comes from the hazen and shaver- love quiz- internal working modelused to examine current attachment experiences and attachment history, the love quiz was a questionaire. they found a positive correlation between attachment type and later love experiences. however some people may not remember past attachment experiences from when they were younger and this therefore means that this love quiz could be bias as it is unlikely that people can remember relationships they had with other people at such a young age. The results supported Bowlby's idea of an internal working model and suggests our early childhood experiences and our attachment types affect our later adult relationships.
  73. 73evaluation- bolwby theory- limitation- sensitive period not critical period- rutterrutter studied that orphans who hadn't formed an attachment in the critical period. Rutter found that children who were adopted into UK or US families, were still able to form an attachment but took them longer to. he claimed a child would never form an attachment if it wasn't in the critical period. this was wrong so more of a sensitive period than critical period. Bowlby original theory not completely correct as children can still form attachments after their critical period but just takes them longer to do so
  74. 74Ainsworth strange situation methoddeveloped a method to asses the quality of an infants attachment.
    used a controlled lab observation/experiment of 100 American infants
  75. 75behaviours being looked out for In strange situation include -safe-base behaviour
    reunion behaviour
    stranger anxiety
    separation anxiety
  76. 76how did they film the experimentmultiple camera put up from multiple angles - recorded for later analysis of infants behaviour
  77. 77stages of experimentmother and child enters the room so child can explore
    stranger enters room and tries to interact with babies
    mother leaves, stranger left with baby
    mother returns, stranger leavers
    mother leaves infant alone in the room
    stranger returns and interacts with infant
    mother returns, stranger leaves
  78. 78results of Ainsworth strange situation66%- secure
    12%- insecure-resistant
    22%- insecure avoidant
  79. 79type A of attachmentinsecure-avoidant
  80. 80type B of attachmentsecure
  81. 81type C of attachmentinsecure-resistant
  82. 82what behaviours do insecure -resistant show- doesn't explore environment- uses mother as a safe base to cling onto
    - extreme stranger anxiety/extreme separation anxiety-
    seek mother when she returns but often resists comfort and gets angry
  83. 83what behaviours do Secure attachment show-explores unfamiliar environment - uses mother a safe base to return to when scare
    - medium stranger anxiety- moves closer towards mother when in the presence of stranger
    - medium separation anxiety-gets upset when mother leaves but shows joy /pleasure on reunion
  84. 84what behaviours do insecure-avoidant showkeeps distant from mother- doesn't use her a safe base- doesn't return to her when scared
    low separation anxiety, low stranger anxiety.
    no joy on reunion (little reaction)- avoids mother when she comes near her
  85. 85evaluation- Ainsworth strange situation - high reliabilityused a controlled observation. allows researchers to replicate the procedure to examine reliability. high inter-rater reliability. different observers watching the same children in the strange situation generally agree on what attachment type to classify them as. behavioural categories easy to observe- we can be certain that attachment doesn't depend on who is observing them
  86. 86evaluation- Ainsworth strange situation- cultural boundstrange situation is a culture bound test. method doesn't have the same meaning in countries outside of western eurpore and USA. cultural differences in childhood experiences are likely to respond differently to the strange situation. secondary caregivers respond differently to the strange situation based on their cultures. in Japan, the test doesn't work because Japanese mothers rarely separate from their babies and a result the method causes huge amounts of separation anxiety. also in the reunion stage the mothers rushed to their Babies and scooped them up meaning the Childs responses were hard to observe.- this is called imposed epic- when a research method developed in one culture is used to judge another and may or may not work well in that culture.
  87. 87Evaluation of Ainsworth strange situation- problem with social desirabilityone issue is that the observation was overt and the mothers knew they were being watched. may have altered behaviour to look like good parents- affect how infant responds- affecting validity of findings. behaviour may not be an accurate representation of their behaviour in the real world which may mean that Ainsworth's classification of secure, insecure avoidant and resistant attachment types are not secure
  88. 88who studied cultural variations in attachmentsvan izjendoorn and kroonenberg
  89. 89what was the sample2000 infants, meta-analysis- 32 studies of strange situation had been used to measure attachment. they were conducted in 8 countries, 15 in the USA. the studies results considered 2000 children in total.
  90. 90results of cultural variations in attachmentsecure was the most common in all cultures examined
    Japan and Israel showed higher levels of insecure-resistant
    Germany showed high levels of insecure avoidant attachment
    secure attachment is the optimal attachment type for healthy development.
  91. 91what is an individualistic cultureemphasises personal development - independence/achievement. more anti-social behaviour- USA, UK, Germany
  92. 92what is a collectivist culturesemphasis importance of family and shared goals above individual needs and desires- Isreal, China, Japan
  93. 93evaluating cultural differences in attachmentlarge sample size- meta-analysis collecting at a from about 2000 infants. this large sample size increase internal validity by reducing the impact of biased methodology or unusual participants- anomalies are reduced. this makes it possible to generalise findings to wider populations.
  94. 94evaluating cultural differences in attachment- meta-analysis compares countries rather than culturesthe study compared between countries and not cultures a within any country there are many different sub-cultures, for example urban vs rural, different socio-economic groups and ethnicities and lifestyle etc- sp they may bring up their children differently as different families have different ways and beliefs as to how to bring up their children within a certain country. this means that comparisons between countries such as Italy or Korea may have little meaning. the specific characteristics of the cultures within the countries need to be identified in order to make the findings more meaningful.
  95. 95evaluating cultural differences in attachment- meta analysis sample is culturally biased to individualist culturesalthough the study looked at 2000 infants, it is still biased to individualist cultures. 27 of the studies took place in individualistic cultures, only 5 In collectivist cultures. this suggests that although this was a large survey, the sample would not have been truly representative and therefore lacks population validity.
  96. 96evaluating cultural differences in attachment- research method is biased towards American/british culturethe strange situation was designed by an amiercan researcher based on a British theory. this theory and assessment may not be applicable to other cultures. trying to apply a theory or techniques designed for one culture to another is known as imposed etc which disregards the notion of cultural emic - cultural uniqueness using a research method designed in one country and then taking it to another culture and judging the participants there is called imposed epic. the psychologists are imposing their methods on other cultures and countries may do things differently to how other cultures/countries do them. the ideas that a lack of pleasure on reunion indicates an insecure attachment is an imposed etic. in Germany this behaviour might be seen as more independent than avoidant and not a sign of insecurity. thus, cultures such as Japan and Germany were unfairly judged against criteria which do not account for culturally different parenting styles. In a study in Japan, 90% of Japanese children didn't complete the whole procedure because of extreme stress- the method is bias to the west.
  97. 97who investigated maternal deprivationJohn bolwby
  98. 98what is monotropyinfants form a single unique attachment bond to their mother. this is needed for healthy psychological development of infants
  99. 99what is maternal deprivationnot receiving suitable emotional care from a maternal figure
  100. 100what is the critical periodif an attachment isn't formed with a mother figure who provides adequate care within 30 months of birth it is too late. irreversibility- negative intellectual and emotional consequences due to deprivation are permanent
  101. 101what are the consequences of deprivationdelinquency- due to delayed social development behaviour which is often outside of acceptable norms, such as petty crime.
    affection less psychopathy- due to delayed emotional development, children are unable to show caring behaviour to others or empathy for other people's feelings and have little guilt for their own harmful actions
    Low IQ- due to delayed intellectual development general cognitive abilities are lower than peers
  102. 102what is the continuity hypothesisprolonged separations/deprivations from mother limits the development of an effective template for later relationships (internal working model). if this fails to develop properly it will lead to unsuccessful childhood and adult relationships
  103. 103what experiment did Bowlby do for 44 thieves44 older children who had been accused of theft and a group of 44 emotionally disturbed non-thieves. child protection programme interviewed to establish if they suffered from affectionless psychopathy. their parents were also contacted to find out if there had been any long periods of separation from their mothers during the critical period
  104. 104what did 44 thieves findout of the 44 thieves- 14 matched the criteria for affection less psychopathy. of the 14 affection less psychopaths, 12 had experienced prolonged separation compared to only two of the control group.
  105. 105what does the 44 thieves study suggestsuggests that the affection less psychopathy led to criminal/delinquent behaviour is linked to the periods of separation the thieves experienced in early life. however, the research is correlational, it could be a third factor such as extreme poverty, criminal relatives or a family history of mental health problems could be related to both the early separation and the Childs behavioural difficulties.
  106. 106evaluation of Bowlby theory- animal studiesanimal studies have supported his findings for privation. Harlow-subsequent generations who were badly parented suffered privation and as a result were aggressive and anti-social
  107. 107evaluation of bolwby 44 thieves studies-androcentric- sample was all boys- biased
    case studies-rich and insightful Data but making generalisations to a wider population difficult
    -The data collection is retrospective (i.e. the children and their parents had to think back many years to the Childs younger days) this can produce some inaccuracies
    -some of the children were only separated for short period, so difficult to believe to could have caused such emotional distress
    - the results are correlated, so cannot prove cause and effect. Bowlby assumed that the early separation had caused the later disturbance, but many other factors could be responsible-poverty, drugs and alcohol
  108. 108evaluation of Bowlby maternal deprivation- mixed up privation and deprivationcritics such as rutter have also accused bolwby of not distinguishing between deprivation and privation. the complete lack of an attachment bond, rather than its loss. rutter stresses the quality of the attachment bond is the most important factor, rather than just deprivation in the 'critical period'
  109. 109what is institutionalisationliving away from the family, such as children homes and hospitals
  110. 110what are some of the effects of insitutionalisationsloss of personal identity
    deindividudation
    affection less psychopathy
    deliquency
    low IQ
  111. 111Romanian orphansthe fall of the communist government revealed the terrible conditions of up to 300,000 orphans. they lacked physical and emotional care from the staff and many of the children were malnourished and abused.
  112. 112deprivation vs privationdeprivation is not receiving suitable emotional care from a primary attachment figure - this can happen with both frequent and extended absences.
    privation is the total lack of ability to form an attachment bond. this is what happened to the Romanian orphans
  113. 113rutter et al- institutionalisationLONGITUDINAL STUDY- tested the extent to which good care can make up for poor early experiences in institutions. physical, cognitive and emotional development has been assessed at 4,6,11 and 15 an 22-25 years.
  114. 114control group of rutter52 British adopted from the UK
  115. 115Different groups in rutter studyaround 50 orphans
    group 1- adopted under age of 6
    group 2- adopted 6-24 months
    group 3- over 24 months
  116. 116what happened to the children adopted under the age of 6 monthsalmost all adopted before the age of 6 months caught up in comparison to the control group. those adopted after 6 months continued to show significant details, struggling with peer relations ( disinhibited attachment disorder)
  117. 117Other resultsat age 6- children adopted after 6 months showed disinhibited attachment, an overly friendly behaviour to strange adults.
    at age 11- just over half of the Romanian adopted children who showed disinhibited attachment at age 6 still displayed this behaviour
    children adopted after 6 months showed significant delayed intellectual development, scoring lower on IQ tests and difficult concentrating with those adopted after 24 months showing an average IQ of 77
    in some cases, quasi-autism tendencies were identified, with children having problems understanding the meaning of social contexts. intellectual problems continued at the 15 year follow up.
  118. 118what do the findings of rutter study showthese findings support the view that there is a sensitive period in the development of attachment. a failure to form an attachment before the age of 6 months appears to have long-lasting effects.
  119. 119evaluation of institutionalisation - real world applicationreal world applications to social services- helped change the way that children are looked after, especially in the adoption process, many more children are fostered in romania now than put in orphanages
  120. 120evaluation of institutionalisation - led to improvements in the way that children are cared for in institutionsled to improvements in the way that children are cared for in institutions. for example, there are no longer lots of caregivers for every child in the orphanages. perhaps every one or two people play a central role for the child. this is called a key worker and helps the children to develop a normal attachment- meaning children in institutional care have a chance to develop normal attachments and disinhibited attachment disorder is avoided, so the research is immensely valuable.
  121. 121evaluation of institutionalisation- children were not randomy assigned to adoptionthose children who were adopted in the rutter study may have been more sociable or physically stronger because the researchers did not interfere with the adoption process. the parents could choose the children they wanted to adopt from the orphanages based on their social skills (eye contact)- the problem with this it that it becomes a confounding variable
  122. 122evaluation of institutionalisation-long term effects are not clearstudies have followed the orphans to their mid teens and found lasting effects, especially for those adopted later. however , it is too early to tell the results, some children who spent longer in institution may still catch up. equally those children adopted earlier who appeared to cope well may develop issues later in life. the children who spent longest in institutions lag but still may catch up as adults. this is important that the longitudinal study continues to work with these adopted orphans to see the long-term effects when they are adults.
  123. 123evaluation of institutionalisation - problem with generalising from Romanian orphansthe lack of attachment figure was only one factor affecting the development of the children, they had malnutrition, lack of physical care, no stimulation so it is difficult to interpret these results. they had particularly poor standards of care both physically and emotionally. thus, there is an issue of generalisation from Romanian orphan studies as these children experienced some of the worst conditions imaginable and not all institutions have such appalling care.
  124. 124influence of early attachment on later relationshipsinternal working model- according to Bowlby infants develop a schema based on their attachment to their primary caregiver . this schema acts as a template for parenting and relationships. such as if people can be trusted, or if relationships are loving.
  125. 125what is the continuity hypothesissuggests future relationships will follow a pattern based on this template. an individuals childhood friendships, adult partners and even parenting relationships with their own children
  126. 126what was hazen and shavers love quiz620 responses from a newspaper love quiz examining feelings on romance, and then categorised into 1) secure 2) avoidant 3) anxious.
    participants also completed questions that tested for their childhood attachment type with their parents
  127. 127findings of hazen and shaver love quizthere was a correlation between adult and child attachment types. securely attached adults believe love was long-lasting, reported being happy in their relationships and tended to not get divorced. insecure types reported more loneliness. the percentages of types are like that found by Ainsworth in infants. this suggests there is a link between the type of attachment you receive as an infant and show as an adult.
  128. 128weakness of hazen and shavercorrelational research/volunteer same/self-report method- bias
  129. 129what do securely attached children go onto form later on in life- early attachment and success of childhood friendshipssecurely attached babies tend to go on to form the best quality relationships.
  130. 130bullyingsecurely attached are less likely to be bullies- more confident in interactions with friends- less isolated and more popular
    insecure avoidant- more likely to be bullied
    insecure resistant- more likely to be the bully
  131. 131evaluation of influence of attachment on childhood relationshipsmany studies show a link between infant attachment type and later development , including bullying, success in romantic relationships and parenting. fearon concluded that infant attachment influenced development in many ways. there is a fourth attachment type called disorganised attachment- severe attachment issues most predictive of later mental disorder.
  132. 132evaluation of influence of attachment on childhood relationships - myron-wilton assessed attachment type and bullying using questionnaires- 196 children ages 7-11 in London- he found bullying much more likely seen in insecure resistant childrenmyron-wilton assessed attachment type and bullying using questionnaires- 196 children ages 7-11 in London- he found bullying much more likely seen in insecure resistant children and insecure avoidant more likely to be bullied
  133. 133evaluation of influence of attachment on childhood relationships- contrasting evidencecontrasting evidence a longitudinal study of 44 children found in Germany by Zimmerman et al found that childhood attachment type was not a good predictor of attachments in adolescence and that life events often altered Securre attachment to an insecure type in adulthood
  134. 134evaluation of influence of attachment on childhood relationshipshelps childhood relationships in school-practical applications- address bullying and loneliness in school- helps relationship stability in adulthood
  135. 135influence of early attachment on adulthood relationshipspeople base their parenting styles on the internal working model Bailey found that the majority of mothers had the same attachment classification to their babies as to their own mothers
  136. 136intergenerational continuity hypothesiscontinuity hypothesis between adult attachment types and their children, including children adopting the parenting styles of their own parents, people tend to base their parenting styles on the internal working model so attachment type tends to be passed on through generations of a family
  137. 137alternative explanations- temperament hypothesisargues that an infants temperament affects the way a parent responds and so may be a determining factors in infant attachment type. the infants temperament may explain their issues with relationships later on in life.

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A level Psychology Flashcards on attachment , created by Eloise Rennie on 05/06/2021.
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Eloise Rennie
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