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Intro to Psychology

Chloe R Psychology English 74 cards

Cards in this deck (74)

  1. 1American Psychological Associationa professional organization representing psychologists in the US
  2. 2BehaviorismFocus on observing and controlling behavior
  3. 3biopsychologythe study of how biology influences behavior
  4. 4biopsychosocial modelperspective that asserts that biology, psychology, and social factors interact to determine an individuals health
  5. 5Clinical psychologyarea of psychology that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior
  6. 6cognitive psychologystudy of cognitions, or thoughts, and their relationships to experiences and actions
  7. 7counseling psychologyarea of psychology that focuses on improving emotional, social, vocational, and other aspects of the lives of psychologically healthy individuals
  8. 8Developmental psychologyScientific study of development across a lifespan
  9. 9dissertationlong research paper about research that was conducted as part of the candidates doctoral training
  10. 10empirical methodmethod of acquiring knowledge based on observation, including experimentation, rather than a method based only on forms of logical argument or previous authorities
  11. 11forensic psychologyarea of psychology that applies the science and practice of psychology to issues within and related to the justice system
  12. 12functionalismfocused on how mental activities helped an organism adapt to its enviornment
  13. 13humanismperspective within psychology that emphasized the potential for good that is innate to all humans
  14. 14introspectionprocess by which someone examines their own conscious experience in an attempt to break it into it's component parts
  15. 15ologysuffix that denotes "the scientific study of"
  16. 16personality psychologystudy of patterns of thoughts and behaviors that make each individual unique
  17. 17personality traita consistent pattern of thought and behavior
  18. 18PhD(doctor of philosophy) doctoral degree conferred in many disciplinary perspectives housed in a traditional college of liberal arts and sciences
  19. 19postdoctoral training programallows young scientists to further develop their research programs and broaden their research skills under the supervision of other professionals in the field
  20. 20psychoanalytic theoryfocus on the role of the unconscious in affecting conscious behavior
  21. 21psychologyscientific study of the mind and behavior
  22. 22PsyD(doctor of psychology) doctoral degree that places less emphasis on research-oriented skills and focuses more on application of psychological principles in the clinical context
  23. 23sport and exercise psychologyarea of psychology that focuses on the interactions between mental and emotional factors and physical performance in sports, exercise, and other activities
  24. 24structuralismunderstanding the conscious experience through introspection
  25. 25archival researchmethod of research using past records or data sets to answer various research questions, or to search for interesting patterns or relationships
  26. 26attritionreduction in number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time
  27. 27cause-and effect relationshipchanges in one variable cuase the changes in the other variable; can be determined only through an experimental research design
  28. 28clinical or case studyobservational research study focusing on one or a few people
  29. 29confirmation biastendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs
  30. 30confounding variableunanticipated outside factor that affects both variables of interest, often giving the false impression that changes in one variable causes changes in the other variable, when, in acutaulity, the outside factor causes changes in both variables
  31. 31control groupserves as a basis for comparison and controls for chance factors that might influence the results of the study-by holding such factors constant across groups so that the experimental manipulation is the only difference between groups
  32. 32correlationrelationship between two or more variables;when two variables are correlated, one variable changes as the other does
  33. 33correlation coefficientnumber from -1 to +1, indicating the strength and direction of the relationship between variables, and usually represented by r
  34. 34cross-sectional researchcompares multiple segments of a population at a single time
  35. 35debriefingwhen an experiement involved in deception, participants are told complete and truthful information about the experiment at its conclusion
  36. 36deceptionpruposely misleading experiment participants in order to maintain the integrity of the experiment
  37. 37deductive reasoningresults are predicted based on a general premise
  38. 38dependent variablevariable that the researcher measures to see how much effect the independent variable had
  39. 39double-blind studyexperiment in which both the researchers and the participants are blind to group assignments
  40. 40empiricalgrounded in objective, tangible evidence that can be observed time and time again, regardless of who is observing
  41. 41experimental groupgroup designed to answer the research question; experimental manipulation is the only difference between the experimental and control groups, so any differences between the two are due to experimental manipulation rather than chance
  42. 42experimenter biasresearch expectations skew the results of the study
  43. 43factobjective and verifiable observation, established using evidence collected through empirical research
  44. 44falsifiableable to be disproven by experimental results
  45. 45generalizeinferring that results for a sample apply to the larger population
  46. 46hypothesis(plural: hypotheses) tentative and testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables
  47. 47illusory correlationseeing relationships between two things when in reality no such relationship exists
  48. 48independent variablevariable that is influence or controlled by the experimenter; in a sound and experimental study, the independent variable is the only important difference between the experimental and control group
  49. 49inductive reasoningconclusions are drawn from observations
  50. 50informed consentprocess of informing a research participant about what to expect during an experiment, any risks involved, and the implications of the research, and then obtaining the person's consent to participatae
  51. 51Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)committee of administrators, scientists, veterinarians, and community members that reviews proposals for research involving non-human animals
  52. 52Institutional review board (IRB)Committee of administrators, scientists, and community members the reviews proposals for research involving human participants
  53. 53inter-rater reliabilitymeasure of agreement among observers on how the record and classify a particular event
  54. 54longitudinal researchstudies in which the same group of individuals is surveyed or measured repeatedly over an extended period of time
  55. 55naturalistic observationobservation of behavior in its natural setting
  56. 56negative correlationstwo variables change in different directions, with one becoming larger as the other becomes smaller; a negative correlation is not the same thing as no correlation
  57. 57observer biaswhen observations may be skewed to align with observer expectations
  58. 58operational definitiondescription of what actions and operations will be used to measure the dependent variables and manipulate the independent variables
  59. 59opinionpersonal judgments, conclusions, or attitudes that may or may not be accurate
  60. 60participantssubjects of the psychological research
  61. 61peer-reviewed journal articlearticle read by several other scientists (usually anonymously) with expertise in the subject matter, who provide feedback regarding the quality of manuscript before it is accepted for publication
  62. 62placebo effectpeople's expectations or beliefs influencing or determining their experience in a given situation
  63. 63populationoverall group of individuals that researchers are interested in
  64. 64positive correlationtwo variables change in the same direction, both becoming either larger or smaller
  65. 65random assignmentmethod of experimental group assignment in which all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to either group
  66. 66random samplesubset of a larger population in which every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected
  67. 67reliablilityconsistency and reproducibility of a given result
  68. 68replicaterepeating an experiment using different samples to determine the research's reliablility
  69. 69samplesubset of individuals selected from the larger population
  70. 70Single-blind studyexperiment in which the researcher knows which participants are in the experimental group and which are in the control group
  71. 71statistical analysisdetermines how likely any difference between experimental groups is due to chance
  72. 72surveylist of questions to be answered by research participants-given as paper-and pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conduct verbally-allowing researchers to collect data from a large number of people
  73. 73theorywell-developed set of ideas that propose and explanation for observed phenomena
  74. 74validityaccuracy of a given result in measuring what is designed to measure

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Description
This is a review material for chapters 1-4 of intro to psychology, it goes over what is psychology, the fields, and subfields of psychology, how psychology works with the brain, and how it is relevant to sleep.
Created by
Chloe R · Sep 2021
Updated
Sep 13, 2021
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55
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