Flashcards
Forgetting
Cards in this deck (15)
- 1Name 4 revision techniques and 4 ways you can help recall...1. Chunking
2. Mnemonic devices
3. Methods of Loci
4. Test yourself
Depth - make connections
Spread - use different techniques
Elaboration - mental effort
Distinctiveness - make it your own - 2What are the 3 stages of memory?
- 3At what stage can memory fail?ANY!
( ENCODING, STORAGE, RETRIEVAL) - 4Define the terms availability and accessibilityAvailability = A memory is determined by whether the info exists in LTM or not. Forgetting implies info has been destroyed
Accessibility = Memories are dependent on effective retrieval, it may be available (stored) in LTM but we may not be able to access it - 5Define decay and displacementDecay = the break down of a memory trace over a period of time if rehearsel does not take plae. Focus is on the limited duration of STM (0-30)
Displacement = When new info is received by STM, old info gets replaced. Focus on limited capacity of STM (Miller's 7+-2) - 6Evidence for decay?Peterson & Peterson 1959 - if rehearsal was prevented, recall was reduced to 80% after 3 secs and 20% after 18 secs
However hard to determine whether the loss of info is due to decay or displacement - 7Evidence for displacement?Waugh & Norman 1965 - Serial Probe Technique
Participants were presented with a sequence of numbers and at the end the experimenter would tell them the probe number which appeared and the ppt has to say which number followed it.
Recall was better for (probe number) items at the end of sequence, evidence for displacement as there are fewer digits to replace them at the end.
ALSO can explain recency effect in Glanzer & Cunitz 1966 serial positioning study - 8What are the three ways of forgetting in the LTM?Decay - Info not being used or practiced will decay
Interference - memory can be disrupted by previous or future learning
Cue dependent forgetting - retreival of memory depends on retrieval of cuees. Info cannot be accessed if cues aren't present. - 9Evidence for decay in LTM?Bahrick & Phelps 1987, found college graduates knowledge of spanish declined rapidly in first 3-4 years then declined more slowly.
- 10Contradictory evidence for trace decay in LTM?The elderly are able to talk about their childhood ( episodic memory)
Bahrick et al 1975, recall of school friends was prompted by photographs
If decay was the only explanation you would expect all memories to decay at the same rate ( Individual differences) - 11What are the two types of interference in LTM?1. Proactive - when previous learning interferes with later learning (old disrupting new)
2. Retroactive - When later learning disrupts previous learning ( new disrupting old) - 12Evidence for Retroactive interference?Postman 1960
2 groups of participants who both had to remember a list of paired words (cat-tree). The experimental group also had to learn another list of words where the 2nd paired word was different (cat-glass). All participants were asked to recall the words on the 1st list.
Recall of control group was more accurate than experimental suggesting learning 2nd list interfered with recall of original list. - 13What are the two types of Cues in Cue dependent forgetting?Internal - Something about our mood or emotional state
External - Something to do with our context or external environment - 14Evidence for Context dependent ( External) cues?1. Abernethy 1940 - Students who sat a test in their normal classroom scored higher marks than those sat in a different room
2. Baddeley 1975 - ppts recalled 40% more words when retrieval took place in same room
3. Tulving & Pearlstone 1966 - Ppts recalled more words on the list when they were told which category they belonged to. - 15Evidence for state dependent (internal) cues?Goodwin et al 1969 - Ppts who hid money when drunk, where only able to recall where it was when they were drunk again ( not sober)
Miles & Hardman 1998 - Info learnt whilst exercising was better recalled when exercising rather than resting
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- Degree Psychology (Memory ) Flashcards on Forgetting, created by Molly Macgregor on 05/01/2016.
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- Molly Macgregor
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- Created by Molly Macgregor · Jan 5, 2016
- Copied by Molly Macgregor · Jan 5, 2016
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