virus

virus

1. classification

   • nucleic acid
     • DNA or RNA
     • ss or ds
       • double strand RNA virus (+) sense
         • Retrovirus
           • HIV
             • structural
               • Enveloped
               • Reverse transcriptase
                 • RNA-dependent-DNA- polymerase enzyme
             • Modes of Transmission
               • SEXUAL
                 • hetrosexual
                 • men who have sex with men
               • PARENTRAL
                 • Accidental needle pricks to health workers
                 • Unsafe Blood or blood products
                 • Drug addicts sharing needles
               • MOTHER-TO-CHILD
                 • Born to HIV positive mother
             • target
               • CD4 T cells
                 • CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY
                   • T cell
                     • T helper cell
                       • express CD4
                       • Secrete cytokines following activation
                       • Are important in helping other cells
                       • Recognize antigen in conjunction with MHC II
                     • Cytotoxic T cell
                       • Express CD8
                       • Recognize antigen in conjunction with MHC I
                       • Kill infected cells
                 • count
                   • decreases as the amount of HIV increase
                   • 200
                     • AIDS
                       • Signs and symptoms
                         • Diarrhea
                         • Dry cough
                         • Pneumonia
                         • White spots on the tongue, in the mouth, or in the throat
                       • COMPLICATIONS
                         • INFECTIONS
                           • Candidiasis
                           • Cryptococcal meningitis
                           • Tuberculosis
                           • Cytomegalovirus
                         • cancers
                           • Kaposi's sarcoma
                           • Lymphomas
                       • AIDs SERVICES in UAE
                         • people infected with AIDs
                           • help patients live as activiely as possible until death
                           • support system for the family cope during the patient illness
                         • HIV prevention program
                           • raise awareness
                           • introduce safe behavioral practice communication for men and women at higher risk of getting HIV/AIDS
                   • Below 500
                     • OPPORTUNISTIC Infections
                       • examples
                     • HIV
                   • 800 to 1500
                     • Average healthy person
               • macrophage lineage
             • natural history
             • Epidemiology
             • HIV tests
               • CD4:CD8 Ratio Blood Test
                 • normal ratio is 2.0
                 • is less than 1 : HIV
               • Antibody Screening Tests
                 • won't catch early infections
               • Antigen screening tests
                 • early detection
                 • Check for p24 protein of HIV
               • Antigen-antibody screening tests
                 • detect as early as 2–6 weeks
             • HIV managment
               • ART
                 • combination of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs
                   • Classes of drugs
                     • Protease inhibitors (PIs)
                     • Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)
                     • Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)
                     • Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs)
                     • Fusion inhibitors
                 • Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy” (HAART).
                 • Side effects
                   • headaches
                   • occasional dizziness
                   • swelling of the throat
                   • liver damage
                 • Drug interaction
                   • with other
                     • herbal products
                     • HIV medicines
                     • vitamins
                 • Drug resistance
                   • the virus mutates (changes form) and makes variations of itself
                     • HIV have no vaccine
                       • The ability of the virus to stay “invisible
                   • determine if the virus has become drug-resistant
                 • goals
                   • reduce viral load
                     • measures the amount of HIV genetic material (RNA) in the blood
                       • determine if the virus has become drug-resistant
             • Impact of having HIV/AIDS
               • Social
                 • Stigma
                 • Discrimination
                 • Isolation
               • Spirituality
               • Psychological
                 • Depression
                 • Persistent sadness
                 • Anxiety
                 • Helplessness
                 • Grief reaction
             • Prevention
               • Having safe and monogamous sexual intercourse
               • Using sterile injections
               • Large scale screening tests before having a blood transfusion,
               • Mothers living with HIV can take treatment to protect their baby
             • notifiable disease
               • is any disease that is required by law to be reported to government authorities
               • why to report ?
                 • The collation of information allows the authorities to monitor the disease
                 • provides early warning of possible outbreaks
     • negative or positive sense
     • segmented or non segmented
   • Enveloped, non enveloped

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