Cytology

Cytology

1. Inflammation

   • Neutrophilic
     • suppurative, acute
       • degeneration may be seen
         • Try to identify intracellular bacteria
   • Pyogranulomatous
     • macrophages and neutrophils
       • chronic process, fungal infection, FB
   • Granulomatous
     • macrophages and lymphocytes
       • chronic inflammation, specific infections (mycobacterium)
   • Eosinophilic
     • allergic/hypersensitivity, parasitism, eosinophilic granuloma
   • Lymphoplasmacytic
     • allergic/immune reactions, chronic inflammation

2. Neoplasia

   • Round Cells
     • high cellularity
     • evenly distributed
     • round, distinct border
     • distinctive morphology
     • Usually haemopoietic origin
       • LYMPH
         • lymphoma
         • transmissible venereal tumour
         • Mast cell tumour
         • Plasma cell tumour
         • Histiocytic tumour
   • Epithelial cells
     • skin, repsiratory, GIT, urogenital etc, they are tumours of glands and organs
       • high cellularity
       • form clusters/rafts, cell to cell borders
       • round to cuboidal shape
       • many have acini (projections)
     • Benign Epithelial tumours
       • folicular or epidermal inclusion cysts
       • basal cell tumour
       • sebaceous adenoma
       • epithelioma
     • Carcinomas
       • many tissues of origin, some have distinctive morphology eg squamous cell carcinoma
       • need to assess criteria of malignancy
     • Naked Nuclei Cells
       • epithelial cells technically but they behave differently
       • highly cellular, loosely adherent, occasional clusters
       • Indistinct cell borders - look like free nuclei. Nuclei are often indented
       • endocrine origins
         • anal sac carcinoma, insulinomas, thyroid tumours
   • Mesenchymal Cells
     • low to high cellularity
     • discrete cells
     • spindle shaped, whispy cytoplasmic tails
     • may produce matrix - pink
     • Benign Mesenchymal tumours
       • Fibroplasia, Inflammation, Granulation tissue Lipoma, Fibroma
     • Sarcoma
       • malignant mesenchymal cells

3. Criteria of Malignancy

   • Pleomorphism
     • cell shape
     • cell size - anisocytosis
     • nuclear size - anisokaryosis
     • nucleolar size- anisonucleoliosis
   • Nucleaus : cytoplasm
   • immature (coarse) chromatin pattern
   • prominent and/or multiple nucleoli
   • multinucleation
   • nucear molding
   • increased and/or abnormal mitotic figures

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