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Chapter 5: Variations in Consciousness
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Chapter 5: Variations in Consciousness
Sleep
- Stages of Sleep
- Stages 1-4 are NREM stage 5 is REM
- Stage 1
- Stage 1 is a brief transitional phase, Usually lasts 1-7 minutes. Alpha and Theta waves observed by EEG
- Stage 2
- Stage 2 lasts 10-25 minutes and is dominated by bursts of high frequency brain waves known as Sleep spindles.
- Stage 3+4
- Stages 3+4 are called slow-wave sleep during which high amplitude and low frequency delta waves dominate EEG recordings
- Stage 5 REM
- Once the sleeper surpasses stage 4 and should return to stage 1 they transition into a stage 5: REM sleep. It is characterized by deep sleep and Rapid Eye Movement.
- Vivid Dreams
- Vivid dreams and nightmares
- Night Terrors
- Abrupt awakenings from NREM accompanied by intense autonomic arousal and feelings of panic.
- Sleepwalking/talking
- Found in stage 3, see Somnambulism in Sleep disorders for more info.
- Sleep Spindles
- A sleep spindle is a burst of oscillatory brain activity visible on an EEG that occurs during stage 2 sleep.
- Hypnotic Jerks
- Feeling of actually falling
- Measured by EEG
- An electroencephalogram (EEG) is a test that detects electrical activity in your brain using small, flat metal discs (electrodes) attached to your scalp.
- Dreams
- Freud
- Believe dreams are a form of wish fulfillment
- Cartwright
- Mental Housekeeping Theory: Believes dreams are a creative way of problem solving for the real world.
- Hobson + Mccarley
- Activation-Synthesis Model, proposes dreams are a side effect of the neural activation that produces waking-like brain waves during REM sleep.
- Freud
- Sleep Disorders
- Narcolepsy
- Falling asleep uncontrollably.
- Insomnia
- Difficulty falling and staying asleep. Caused by an array of symptoms: anxiety, tension, emotional problems, depression, stress, pressure, pain, ulcers, asthma, drugs (specifically stimulants). Most common treatment are sedatives which come in two classes: benzodiazepene and nonbenzodiazepene.
- Apnea
- Snoring.
- Somnambulism
- Sleepwalking.
- RBD
- REM sleep behavior disorder marked by troublesome dream enactments during REM periods.
- Narcolepsy
- Deprivation
- Sleep Restriction
- Occurs when people make do with substantially less sleep than normal over a period of time.
- Selective Deprevation
- Deprived of REM sleep, can only last for 2-4 days completely deprived
- Sleep Restriction
- Stages of Sleep
Drugs
- Narcotics
- Drugs derived from opiates capable of relieving pain. High physical dependence High Psychological dependence
- Sedatives
- Sleep inducing drugs that tend to decrease Central Nervous System activation and behavioral activity. High Physical dependance High psychological dependence
- Stimulants
- Drugs that tend to increase Central Nervous System activation and behavioral activity. Moderate Physical dependence High psychological dependence
- Hallucinogens
- A diverse group of drugs that have powerful effects on mental and emotional functioning, marked most prominently by distortions in sensory and perceptual experience. No physical dependence low psychological dependence
- Cannabis
- A hemp plant from which marijuana, hashish, and THC are derived. No physical dependence low to moderate psychological dependence.
- Alcohol
- a variety beverage containing ethyl alcohol. Moderate Physical dependence moderate psychological dependence
- MDMA
- A compound drug related to both amphetamines and hallucinogens, especially mescaline. Similair physical and psychological dependences to hallucinogens.
- Tolerance Vs Dependence
- Tolerance is the ability or willingness to tolerate something, in particular the existence of opinions or behavior that one does not necessarily agree with. Dependence is the addiction to a drug.
- Physical
- When a person must continue to take a drug to avoid withdrawal.
- Psychological
- When a person must continue to take a drug to satisfy intense mental and emotional cravings.
- Narcotics
Hypnosis
- Systematic procedure that increases suggestibility.
- Susceptibility.
- Hypnotic susceptibility measures how easily a person can be hypnotized. varies between individuals. Linked to higher levels of absorbtion in tasks.
- Stanford Hypnotic susceptibility scale
- A scale developed to measure the susceptibility of an individual to hypnotism.
- Effects
- Anesthesia
- Anesthesia is a way to control pain during a surgery or procedure by using medicine called anesthetics. It can help control your breathing, blood pressure, blood flow, and heart rate and rhythm.
- Dis-inhibition
- Dis-inhibition is a lack of restraint manifested in disregard for social conventions, impulsivity, and poor risk assessment.
- Hallucinations
- An experience involving the apparent perception of something not present.
- Post-hypnotic suggestion
- A suggestion made to a hypnotized person that specifies an action to be performed after awakening, often in response to a cue.
- Post-Hypnotic Amnesia
- Post-hypnotic amnesia is the inability in hypnotic subjects to recall events that took place while under hypnosis.
- Anesthesia
- Theories
- Social Cognitive Theory
- Social cognitive theory (SCT) holds that portions of an individual's knowledge acquisition can be directly related to observing others within the context of social interactions, experiences, and outside media influences.
- Hypnotic Trance vs Role Playing
- One theory is that hypnosis puts subjects into a deep trance, however due to EEG activity there is no evidence of these claims which has led many to believe that hypnosis is just elaborate role playing.
- Dissociation
- A splitting of the mental processes into two streams of consciousness.
- Social Cognitive Theory
Meditation
- Practices that train attention to heighten awareness and bring mental processes under greater voluntary control.
- Benefits
- Decreased heart respiration rate
- lower blood pressure
- Managing stress
- Cardio-vascular benefits
- Grey Matter Increase
- Mindfulness Mediation
- Immune system boost
- Origins
- An ancient discipline originally rooted in yoga, zen, and transcendental meditation.
