Memory

Memory

1. Working Memory Model (Baddeley)

   • Central Executive
     • Attentional system
     • Decision making for incoming information
   • Phonological Loop
     • Auditory information: acoustic coding
   • Visuo-spatial sketchpad
     • Remembering/processing visual patterns and spatial movement
   • Episodic Buffer
     • Storage component of the CE
     • Added later as an addition after criticism
       • Brings the PL and VSS information together

2. Multi-Store Model (Attkinson and Shiffrin)

   • Sensory Register
     • Short Term Memory
       • Long Term Memory
         • Failure to retrieve
         • Infinite time and space
       • Rehearsal Loop Decay
       • Limited capacity - 7 things, 30 seconds
     • Information/stimulus (sights, smells etc.) enters
     • Attention Non-Attention
   • Capacity
     • The amount of information
   • Duration
     • The length of time
   • Coding
     • The way information is coded, i.e. what catergory the item fits in, i.e. furniture

3. Long Term Memory (Tulving)

   • Semantic
     • Memories of moments in your life
       • Conscious recall
   • Episodic
     • Knowledge
   • Procedural
     • Processes

4. Forgetting

   • Interference
     • Proactive
       • Past memories interfere with new information
     • Retroactive
       • New information interferes with the past information
     • Underwood
       • 2 groups: one got a list of words, the other a list of words and nonsense syllables. Recall poorer in the 2nd group as new information has interfered with old information.
   • Retrieval failure
     • Context dependent
       • Environmental cues: more likely to remember something you learnt when you are in the same place
       • Goedden and Baddeley
         • Scuba and land experiment
     • State dependent
       • Emotional cues and mental state cause memory
       • Carter and Cassaday
         • Gave some P's antihistamines and tested their memory

5. Eye Witness Testimony

   • Cognitive interview
     • Repeat Everything
     • Context Reinstatement
     • Change Perspective
     • Change Order
   • Misleading Information
     • Leading Questions
       • Loftus and Palmer
         • P's watched car crash video, then got asked a leading question with one word changed. Then asked what speed the car was going .
           • hit, contacted, bumped, collided, smashed
           • 31.8 mph for collided, 40.5 mph for smashed
     • Post event discussion
       • Gabbert et al
         • P's viewed crimes from different angles
           • 71% said they saw something which they couldn't haven't seen as the experimenter asked them did you see x which they couldn't have
   • Anxiety
     • Weapon Focus
       • Johnson and Scott
         • group with a bloody knife - 33% group with pen and grease - 49%
         • group with knife focused on the weapon so couldn't recall as much
     • Real life crimes
       • Yuille and Cutshall
         • anxiety improves EWT
         • 88% more accurate when stressed