Intelligence

Intelligence

1. Psychometric Views

   • Views intelligence as an actual cognitive ability
   • Approach: intelligence as a trait
   • Mental age: determine intelligence
   • IQ: developed in France and modified in the U.S.
     • test scores in term of intelligent quotient

2. Intelligence Measured

   • Standfors-Binet Intelligence Scale
   • Wechsler Scales
     • WPPSI-III
     • WISC-IV
   • IQ=Mental Age/Chronological Age *100

3. General Intelligence

   • Galton was influences by theories
   • individuals should have certain brain processes to be successful
   • intelligence was based on biological differences in the speed of rural conduction
   • Determine a link between intelligence and speed of sensory processes

4. Spearman G

   • Charles Spearman: factor analysis
     • determine if there was a general intelligence
       • Developed analysis to see how many types of intelligence there are (2 types)
         • G - General intelligence
           • overall intelligence
           • related to every domain
           • Fluid G: something your good at without prior teaching
           • Crystal G: something your good at from education
         • S - Specific Intelligence
           • specific abilities
           • related to specific domains

5. What is Intelligence?

   • At least 7 kinds of intelligence
     • Linguistic: can write all & have good vocab
       • Spatial: manipulate objects in their mind
         • Logical mathematical: good at math, problem solve, understand numbers
           • Musical: sensitivity to sound and pitch
             • Body-kinestheic: coordinating their bodies
               • Interpersonal: understanding other peoples emotions
                 • Intrapersonal: ability to know yourself
                   • Naturalist: knowledge about the natural environment
                     • Spiritual: understanding of the meaning

6. Intelligence Measured

   • Intelligence most correlation
   • 0.7 - 0.9 - range or IQ

7. IQ

   • Scholastic: how children do during their education; .50 correlation with future grades
   • Vocational outcome: occupation; education (level of education)
   • Gifted: (130-150+) can be predicted as of grade 3
   • Influences: environment, group differences, heterosis
   • Twins: identical more correlated than fraternal

8. Group Differences

   • Cultural test bias hypothesis
     • Some tests are culturally bias (language and measures)
   • Negative stereotypes
     • groups have stereotypical ideas of how they should act; self-conscience
   • Genetic hypothesis
     • IQ differences are hereditary; environment can account
   • Environmental hypothesis
     • Groups IQ differs due to the environment; low SES groups have lower IQ tests; conductive to intellectual growth than others; low-income families may be particularly at risk

9. Social and Cultural Correlates

   • Some at home risk factors
     • Mother did not complete highschool
       • family has 4+ children
         • Experienced stresses
       • Poor mental health

10. Primary Abilities

    • Intrinsic motivation: naturally doing it on your own
    • Natural abilities

11. Secondary Abilities

    • Extrinsically motivation: you need instruction
    • Explicit instruction

12. The Three R's

    • Reading: not intuitive and requires significantly extra effort to master
      • Dyslexia
    • Writing: knowledge about what each word means and how to put them together
    • Arithmetic: how to add: mathematical problems