Memory

Memory

1. Working Memory Model

   • Created in 1974 by Baddeley and Hitch to explain how the short term memory works. The multi store model was seen as too simplistic.
   • Central Executive
     • Supervisory system. Controls, manipulates, and processes the information that flows to and from the slave systems (Phonological loop and Visuo-spatial sketchpad)
     • Gathers information from different sources
     • Organises the slave systems
     • Shifts between tasks
     • Selective attention
   • Phonological Loop
     • Sound and verbal information
     • Vital for learning languages
     • Phonological store (inner ear)
       • Uses sound based code to store information
       • Information decays after 2 seconds, unless it is rehearsed by the articulatory process
     • Articulatory rehearsal component (inner voice)
       • Can revive the memory traces
       • Rehearses information verbally by repeating it
       • Time based capacity: 2 seconds
   • Visuo-spatial Sketchpad
     • Temporary storage and process of visual information e.g. remembering shapes and colors, or the location
     • 3 components: Visual components, Spatial components and Kinesthetic (movement) components
   • Episodic Buffer
     • Added in 2000 by Baddeley
     • Connects information across domains to for unity of visual, spatial, and verbal information with chronological ordering
     • Connected to long term memory

2. Multi-store Memory Model

   • Created by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968
   • Sensory Store
     • Capacity is too limited to know
     • 3 second duration
     • encoding method is too limited to know
   • STM
     • Miller found the capacity is 7+/-2
     • Duration is said to be 2 secs to 2 mins- Peterson and Peterson found it to be 18-30 secs
     • encoded accousticly
   • LTM
     • Unlimited capacity
     • Duration of up to a lifetime
     • encoded semantically