ccw - practices

ccw - practices

1. Growth of the CCP (communist party)

   • russia - influence of the Soviet Union:
     • Bolshevik revolution:
       • to encourage and protect the Manchuko border they paired up with the KMT
     • Comitern:
       • made CCP and KMT work together through the comitern and United Front
       • Russia provided CCP us$50,000 a year to fun the party
     • Jiangxi Soviet:
       • ''Chinese-Soviet Union'' - A base established by the CCP in Jiangxi province to survive the GMD onslaught.
   • marxism - Karl Marx; explain the changes of a struggle between social classes in capitalism
     • proletariat - the working classes who worked in factories and mines
     • CCP was too small to achieve revolution (when founded)
       • conditions in China were not ready for Marxist revolution
       • KMT; ''3principles'' were rooted in ideas of equality and similar to COMMUNISM
         • COMMUNISM- a theory or system of social organization in which all property is owned by the community and each person contributes and receives according to their ability and needs.
     • Karl Marx had taught that revolution would be led by the proletariat BUT in China: majority people were PEASANTS
   • 1922 - united front
     • Northern Expedition
       • military strategy - cut off supply lines and to surround each individual Warlord's army via the NRA
         • NRA - ''New Republican Army'' was successful.
       • Soviet military adviser, Galen
         • taught NRA the value of surrounding the enemy's troops as a way of achieving victory
         • troops treated peasant populations with respect & ordered to pay for food
     • Shanghai's International Settlement:
       • 30 May Incident 1925 - A protest by Chinese workers in Shanghai stopped by British commanderfrom the INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENT
         • Confirmed that China's internal and external enemies could only be removed by force
       • international settlement - (20th century) foreigners lived in Shanghai and Chinese people weren't allowed there
     • TURNING POINT - after Warlordism, KMT vs CCP
       • KMT relied on businessmen - clashing ideologies between capitalism and communism
         • Mao's view: He believed it would destroy the CCP and that the revolution should be based on peasants rather than urban workers.
     • victories:
       • strength and tactics of United Front
       • role of communist and comitern
       • deals made by Chiang Kai-shek and warlords; keeping private armies in exchange of submitting control to KMT

2. Extermination Campaigns 1930-34

   • 5th encirclement and extermination campaign: 1933
     • Nationalists made a 'blockade' around the Soviets and deprived inhabitants of food.
     • built over 11,000km of roads to allow soviets -> faster movement of troops
       • Chiang's new adviser: German General Adviser Hans Von Seeckt
         • building of defences - push reds back and provide shelter for NRA
   • "SCORCHED EARTH POLICY">
     • The tactic of destroying everything that could be useful to an army, including; buildings &ncrops
   • communist = reds
   • nationalists = white
   • RESULT:
     • October 1934: abandoned Jiangxi Soviet - lost over 60,000 soldiers and more than half of their territory

3. Long March: (1934-35)

   • A 9,600-kilometre retreat by the CCP in 1934, lasting over a year and resulting in the death of more than 90% of the 90,000 who started.
     • Night of 16 October; 80,000-100,000 broke out of Jiangxi Soviet began marching north for safety
   • Key Events:
     • Zunyi conference - Jan 1935: Mao consolidated leadership of the CCP during the Long March. Ex-warlord 'Zhu De' helped form new tactics
     • New strategy 4 Red Army: "In a series of surprising directions and dividing forces & regrouping to escape from KMT
       • Guerrilla warfare
         • 1. Base Areas: organise n educate peasants of communsim
           • Eight Rules of the Eighth Route Army? A set of rules emphasizing the respectful treatment of all people, helping to secure peasant trust.
         • 2. organisation phase
         • 3. defence: hit n run tactics, knowledge of terrian, guerrilla warfare
         • 4. Guerrilla warfare - Long March
         • 5. Protracted war: increase guerilla warriors = increase of success
           • MAO: A long conflict where the gradual growth of guerrilla strength would eventually shift the balance of power in their favor.
             • [IN FAVOUR]
         • 6. Seizing Power: 'open mobile phase' -> conventail army
     • May 1935 - crossing the Yangtze and Dadu river
   • results:
     • conditions extreme
     • 1000's died of hunger, drowned or froze to death
     • arrived in Yanan with 10,000 out of 80,000 soldiers
     • POSITIVE> For CCP it created a sense of comradeship and self-sacrifice, gained likings from peasants as they dislike KMT violent actions

4. 1937 April 2nd United Front:

   • KMT errors>
     • Failed to implement Sun's ''3 principles''
     • degraded popularity - bad treatement of peasants
     • dealt with CCP before Japan
       • "The Japanese were a disease of the skin while the Communists were a disease of the heart" - Chiang Kai-Shek
   • Second United Front? An alliance between the CCP and GMD in 1937 to resist Japanese invasion, suspending the civil war.
     • Kidnapping of Chiang Kai-Shek
     • 'Rape of Nanjing'

5. 1937-1945 - 2nd Sino-Japanese war:

   • KMT:It weakened the GMD through loss of tax revenue, corruption, poor treatment of soldiers, and reliance on US aid.
     • conscription alienated peasantry
   • CCP gain peasant support by addressing their immediate needs and protecting them against Japanese occupation.
     • use of guerrilla warfare - peasantry populations adored CCP
     • DIXIE MISSION>
       • Establish relations with the CCP , politically and militarily - positive feedback ;Yanan was stable and CCP could be a useful military ally BUT was not taken on Board fully - McCarthy Era 1950's
   • rectification campaigns 1941-44:
     • Rectification Campaign? A campaign (1941-44) that consolidated Mao's ideology, promoted guerrilla warfare, and eliminated rival factions.
     • The CCP effectively used guerrilla tactics during the first phase of the Civil War, the war against Japan, and in Manchuria.
     • PLA: 'People's Liberation Army' - led by Lin Biao
       • had control of heavy weapons, cut supply routes off KMT and focused on Railways
     • Mass line: A method of leadership that emphasizes the connection between the Communist Party and the masses.