History of Surgery Mind Map

History of Surgery Mind Map

1. History of Anaesthetics

   • Humphrey Davy discovered nitrous oxide or 'laughing gas'
     • Horace Wells performed successful operations under nitrous oxide
       • When he tried a demonstration patient groaned and Wells' reputation was ruined
       • Well's colleague William Morton tried with ether-removed tumour from neck-successful
         • Irritated Lungs and also flammable-not good
         • James Simpson discovered Chloroform at 'solvent abuse' party-unconscious-wrote up findings-chloroform general anaesthetic.
           • Overdose of chloroform can stop heart
           • John Snow invented inhaler to control how much chloroform patient got
             • Carl Koller discovered Cocaine as anaesthetic Safer than chloroform
               • Highly addictive if overused
               • Modern anaesthetics greatly based around cocaine

2. Beating Blood Loss

   • First Blood Transfusion was in 1492-Pope Innocent slipped into a coma and 3 boys had tubes inserted from their arms into the pope's
     • However, the blood clotted, the pope had an allergic reaction and the three boys and the pope died
       • Blood clotting and allergic reactions two main problems with blood transfusions
       • Karl Landsteiner was a haematologist and he organised blood into the groups A, B, O and AB
         • Richard Lewis discovered that a way of preserving blood was to add Sodium Citrate to blood and freeze it
           • NB: Albert Hustin carried out first successful blood transfusion
           • As a result, blood banks were set up

3. History of Antiseptics

   • Joseph Lister noticed that gangrene did not set in if wound was covered in boiling tar
     • Lister thought that best way to prevent infectionwas to keep microbes away from wound
       • Lister helped prevent blood poisoning by making sure hands, bandages and surgeons' clothes were kept very clean
         • Known as antiseptic surgery
         • Lister invented 'squirt' or 'spray' machine, which sprayed carbolic acid over operation

4. Greek Four Humors

   • Blood
     • Air
       • Hot and Wet
         • Spring
   • Yellow Bile
     • Fire
       • Hot and Dry
         • Summer
   • Black Bile
     • Earth
       • Cold and Dry
         • Autumn
   • Phlegm
     • Water
       • Cold and Wet
         • Winter
   • The Ancient Greeks believed that there were four 'humours' in the body, liquids that everyone needed a healthy balance of to remain healthy. These 'humours' were also related to weather, seasons and the Greek elements Earth, Air, Fire and Water.

5. Anatomical Problems

   • Microscope improved knowledge of anatomy
   • Murder Act of 1752-only bodies of murderers can be dissected
   • Medical schools got extra bodies through stealing from graves
     • Mort safes-cages put up around graves