Notes
Frankish Kingdoms under Clovis and the Merovingians
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Germanic Kingdoms
Franks
·
The Franks moved to present day Belgium and
France
·
The franks were divided into separate tribes
·
Clovis was a descendent from Merovech, who
defeated the Huns at the battle of Chalon 451
o Merovech
has a hero quality that his family had as well because he won this battle
o He
established a new dynasty of the Merovingian Kinds
·
481 Clovis (salian franks) became the ruler of
the Franks
o Clovis
conquered a ton of land for the Franks that consisted of present day France
o Clovis
got rid of the Roman general Syragius that was controlling the Roman holdings
in Gaul
o He
marries Clothilde in 493
§
She brought a dowry from burgundy into the
marriage
§
She was Christian and therefore had a Christian
influence on Clovis, and he converted to Christianity
o 496
Clovis gains more territory at the battle of Alamani at tours. He credited his
victory to god
§
After Clovis won this battle, he had a mas
baptism for all of his men and all of his subjects converted to Christianity
§
He became very close with the popes because of
the conversions
§
Clovis takes on the role of converting all
communities to Christianity
o 507
Battle of Poiters, Clovis defeated the Arians and converted them to
Christianity
§
The Arians were from the Visigoth tribes
o Salian
Law- laws based on Germanic customs
§
Clovis took law he had created in his kingdom
and the laws in the Germanic tribes
§
He combined the two to create a modern law
o When
Clovis died, it was tradition for him to divide his empire up between his 4
sons
o The
empire fell apart and it was to have unifications
o Running
of the country came under the mayors of the palace
·
Mayors of the Palace
o Started
assuming more and more power
o By
the 8th century, the Carolingians were the strongest Mayors of the
Palace
o They
started controlling what the kings did
·
Charles Martel (714-741)
o Came
in and ruled the country even though he was the mayor of the palace
o Did
not want to overthrow the kings because he did not want a civil war to erupt
o 732
The Muslims started coming up from Spain and wanted to expand into France in
tours
o At
the battle of tours Charles was able to defeat the Muslims and they went back
to Spain
·
Pepin
o Charles
son who came in when he died
o Got
rid of the king line and now there was a new king line
The Germanic Migrations
Middle Ages
·
Period of 10 centuries after the fall of the
Roman Empire
·
Late 4th-10th centuries
·
Europe was plagued by Germanic Invasions
·
It did not destroy Rome, but built on Roman
traditions
Germanic Invaders
·
Visigoths
o
376 started they started fleeing because the
Huns were taking over the different tribes so they had to move
o
Went to the Roman Emperor Valens for help for
safety
o
Valens gave them permission to temporarily stay
in the Roman empire
o
They formed an immigrant community and the
Romans were taking advantage of them
o
They when to Valens for help but he rejected
them.
o
378 at the battle of Adrianople the Visigoths
fought the Roman’s and killed Valens.
o
The Visigoths now occupied more of the Roman
Empire
o
410 under Alaric the Visigoths sacked the city
of Tome
o
The Visigoths took the wealth then left, and at
this point the Roman Empire emperors were still in power
·
Vandals
o
Set up their capital and kingdom as old Carthage
after moving across the Rhine river
o
Attacked Rome (including islands and
settlements)
·
Huns
o
Were a group of invaders that came from China on
horseback
o
453 Atilla the Hun (leader of Hun invasions)
§ After
he died the Hun invasions died down
·
Ostrogoth’s
o
Still moved into Rome after Atilla was dead
o
Moved down from Russia to attack Rome.
o
Odovacar was the ruler
o
476 they overthrew the Romans. And the last
Roman emperor was gone
o
Theodoric (489-526)
§ He
went to Constantinople to be educated
§ Established
the Ostrogoth’s capitol, Ravenna, in the Western Roman empire
·
Lombards
o
Moved in after Justinian died
o
Established land in Northern Italy
·
Burgundians
o
Conquered central France
·
New cultures were blending and became a part of
the Roman Empire
·
Eventually, the places became their own kingdoms
that were separate from the Roman empire
Anglo-Saxon
England & Alfred the Great
Early England was not a settled region
Londonium
·
Small settlement
Kelts
·
Original habitants of the England region
·
When the Romans came, the Kelts moved up North
·
They went up to Scotland and Ireland and made
tribes.
Romans pulled out of England
·
They took Christianity and Latin with them
·
Kelts were practicing their own religions.
The next 3 invaders were the Angles, Saxons, and the
Jutes
Anglo-Saxon
·
The Angles, Saxons, and Jutes blended together
and created a cultures/kingdom
·
The Kelts were mad the Anglo-Saxons were in
England
o
The king of Kelts was Wessex. He defeated the
Saxon’s, but when he died the Anglo-Saxons were able to take more land
o
King Arthur was king of the Anglo-Saxons at this
time
5th and 6th century Christianity,
brought by Saint Patrick, returned to England
Gregory the great- sea of Augustine
Gregory- first Archbishop of Canterbury
Alfred the Great (871-899)
·
Unified England
·
First official king of England
·
878 Danish Vikings started attacking, their king
was Gothrum
·
Alfred created a parcel of land for the Vikings
called Danelaw
·
He brought scholars to improve education in
England
·
Revived the language, but converted old
literature to old Anglo-Saxon
·
He created a very literate community
·
Implemented a system of justice because the
kingdom was so big.
o
Shires
§ Each
shire was ruled by an earl
§ Subdivided
the shire into hundreds
o
Hundred
§ Each
hundred was ruled by a theng
o
The thengs would report to the earl, and the
earl would report to the king
o
The shire reeve (sheriff)/ court system
§ Would
bring criminals into a court
§ If
you were accused of a crime, you would be brought to a thengs (judge) court
§ The
thengs would elect doomsmen (jury) to tell what a persons fate would be do to
their crime.
o
Witenagemont
§ Council
of wise men that was made up of earls and thengs
o
Witans
§ Their
position was to choose the next king
§ The
decisions had to be unanimous
·
Venerable Bede
o
Chronicler
·
Ecclesiastical History of the English People-
history of the English People
o
Anglo Saxon Chronicle
o
Alfred initiated writing
o
He picked up where Bede left off
o
He left this book in churches to be added to as
events took place
England
·
Stayed a united kingdom
·
The kings did not let the church divide the
kingdom
·
Expanded royal justice and maintained a unified
system of justice
Charlemagne and
the Carolingians
Charles Martel (714-741)
·
Initial ruler of the Carolingians
Pepin (741-768)
·
Mayor of the palace, the king at this time was
Childrec III
·
He wanted to control France so he got help from
the church
o
Approached pope Zachary to ask for support
·
The pope helped Pepin because he was fighting
the Lombards and in turn Pepin agreed to help with the Lombards.
·
752 Pepin became the king
o
Pope Stephan anointed him
·
753 Pepin marched into Italy to help with the
Lombards
o
He defeated the Lombards and gained their land
o
He declared himself the Lombards king
o
Gave the Lombards land to the pope and they
became the papal states
§ This
was considered the donation of Pepin
Charlemagne- Charles the Great (768-814)
·
Pepin named him his heir
·
Expanded the kingdom
·
The Lombards had previously signed a treaty with
Pepin that they would remain in their town and not attack anyone
o
When Pepin died, they broke this treaty
o
Charlemagne attacked their territory and gained
Lombard
·
Conquered Territories
o
Muslims as Basques
o
Carved border Kingdom- the Spanish March
o
Saxon Tribes
o
Bavaria- Slavs and Avars (Danube river region)
·
By his death, Charlemagne had conquered France,
Belgium, Netherlands, part of Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and N. Italy
·
He was closely allied with the Church
Pope Leo III (795-816)
·
He was involved with an issue in Rome in 799
·
He was beaten by and angry mob
·
Charlemagne put down this rebellion and restored
the power of Pope Leo III
·
The pope invited Charlemagne to Rome on
Christmas day 800
·
Charlemagne bowed down to the pope and the pope
crowned him holy Roman emperor
·
From this day on, many popes gave emperors the
title holy Roman emperor
·
“Emperor of Rome” was more of a title, it did
not have any effect of the land you ruled
·
Area of the holy Roman empire changed according
to which king had the title at the time
Division of the Empire
·
300 district/ counties
1.
Count- secular
2.
Duke- military
3.
Bishop- religions
·
Charlemagne created the Missi Dominici:
Messengers who acted as royal inspectors
o
Rotated which ruler they would work for the so
they didn't get attached to one specific ruler
o
Took an oath to a king
Carolingian
Renaissance and the Division of the Empire
Charlemagne
·
Forces every cathedral to set up a school
·
Traveled throughout his empire
·
The capital of his kingdom was Aachen, invited
scholars to educate his children
·
Invited Alcuin of York to teach his kid
·
Charlemagne was illiterate
·
Called the Carolingian Renaissance because
education was flourishing
·
Had abbies founded for monks to copy manuscripts
·
Promoter of music and music was huge part of the
art that was created
Carolingian Miniscule
·
Was a writing system to allow upper case and
lower case letters
·
Allowed more books to be copied because more
people could do it
·
Allowed translation between Greek and Latin
Carolingian Art
·
A lot of the art had religious themes
·
Book of hours- series of prayers saying what
times you would say what prayers
·
The books contained a lot of art
v
Statue of Charlemagne done in bronze, which
represented him as a king and his power as a king, it was very detailed (100%
on the final)
Carolingian Architecture
·
Create a new style of architecture
·
Had a lot of domes
·
Building were made of stone
Charlemagne died and gave the kingdom to his son Louis
the Pious
Louis the Pious
·
Had three sons, Lothair, Charles the bald, and
Louis the German
·
A Frankish king was supposed to divide the
empire between his 3 heirs
·
Louis gave the kingdom to Lothair
Strasbourg Oath 842
·
Charles the bald and Louis the German decide
they are going to team up against their brother for the empire
·
This was written in two languages, German and
French
·
Showing the differences between the kingdom
Treaty of Verdun 843
·
Lothair met with his brothers
·
The treaty divided the kingdom up into 3
sections
1.
Charles the bald- France (West)
2.
Louis the German- Germany (East)
3.
Lothair- Northern Italy area (middle)
- Charlemagne’s kingdom ruled the West until 987
- Charlemagne’s kingdom ruled the East until 911
- Charlemagne’s kingdom in the middle was divided up into
separate kingdoms
Capetain Kings took over next
Vikings, Magyars,
and Muslim Invasions
9th and 10th centuries these people
invaded
Vikings
·
From Sweden and Norway
·
When their land gets cold, they start invading
all over Europe
·
Warning towers were set up all over Europe
o
Set up to warn the people when the Vikings were
coming
·
They attacked along the coast because it was
more convenient
·
Alfred made the piece of territory for them
called Danelaw
·
Developed their own language called Runic
·
Conquered Kiev in Ukraine.
o
Have a huge monument their
Magyars
·
Located in Russia
·
Consisted of 10 tribes
·
They started attacking the Slavic and Germanic
tribes
·
Known for being good horseback riders which
helped them because they were efficient in battle
·
955 Otto the Great had a battle with the Magyars
in Southern Germany and defeated them
o
He located them to Hungary along the Danube
Muslims
·
Had already been invading, at this time they had
control of Spain
·
872 had control of Corsica, Sardinia, and Sicily
o
Made their capital in Palermo Sicily
o
Influenced this region with Muslim, Spain
·
The Normans defeated the Muslims in Sicily in
1091
·
The Normans left Muslim influence in Sicily
Significance of Invasions
·
The invasions changed the face of Europe
Peasants and Lords: Mutual Obligations on
the Medieval Manor
·
Economic and agricultural system that guided the
middle ages was called Manorialism
·
The main house on a plot of land would be called
the manor
·
The ruler of the manor would protect the people
on their land
o
Previously, the poor people will have given
their smaller land to a wealthier person with a larger plot of land
o
The poor gave the wealthy their land for
protection, and they would work on the plot of land.
·
Eventually, a small village would develop around
the church
o
Everyone was very self sufficient
·
Overtime, the manor house became a fortified
castle
o
Became this because of the need for protection
o
Had a mote around the castle
Feudal Obligation Among the Elite
Feudalism
·
Political and social system in Medieval Europe,
in which land, worked by serfs who were bound to it, was help by vassals in
exchange for military and other services given to the overlords
Hierarchy
·
King/ emperor was at the head: regarded as the
vassal of God
·
Liege lord: person who granted land
·
Order of hierarchy
o
King
o
Noble (vassal to king)
o
Knight (vassal to noble)
o
Clergy
o
Peasant/serf (vassal to knight)
Investiture
·
Ceremony in which one would take an oath of
fealty (oath to protect/serve the lord)
·
After the oath the lord would present you with a
fief (small parcel of land)
·
The entire church would be present for the
ceremony
·
Oath was made to a position superior to you (serf-
knight- noble)
·
Oath solidified positions in this structure
Serfs tied to land
·
Serfs would not move castles even if there
knights would.
Scutage
·
Shield money that knights would pay to get out
of military service
Other stuff
·
Citizens on a manor would often have to pay
taxes to aid their lords
·
Warfare: sometime nobles were enemies and manors
would battle
·
If your rights were abused, an oath was absolved
and you were no longer indebted to your lord
·
Every estate had their own coat of arms
o
Used to determine enemies and allies
Chivalry
·
How knights should properly behave with members
of the community
o
Mainly directed how knights should be towards
women.
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- History Note on Untitled, created by afrey2 on 23/05/2015.
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- afrey2 · May 2015
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- Feb 19, 2016
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