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Flashcards

Liberalism

Nancy Carter Government and Politics A-Level English 20 cards

Cards in this deck (20)

  1. 1Liberalism Orifins and development Central Theme-The individual
    -Freedom
    -Reason
    -Justice
    -Toleration and diversity
  2. 2Liberalism, government and democracy Types of liberalism- Classical liberalism
    -Modern liberalism
    -Neo-liberalsim
  3. 3THE ORIGINS OF LIBERALISM-Developed during transition from FEUDALISM to CAPITALISM in Europe in the early 19th c.
    -Liberalism reflected the aspirations of the rising middle class: individuals striving for a better life.
    -Liberalism RADICAL and sometimes REVOLUTIONARY e.g. Egypt for a new leader.
  4. 4ORIGINS OF LIBERALISM- Liberalism challenged the divine rights of monarchs.
    -Liberalism supported constitutional and representative.
    -People like Thomas Payne wrote the rights of man and Magicater wrote the Right of women.
  5. 5ORIGINS OF LIBERALISM-Liberalism criticised the privileges of the landed aristocracy.
    -Liberalism supported religious freedom.
    -Liberalism promoted individualistic meritocracy.
  6. 6ORIGINS OF LIBERALISM-With the spread of industrialisation in the UK, liberals advocated a market economy, free from government interference.
    -The idea spread to the USA and the rest of Europe in late 19th C. New country.
    -Democratic liberal capitalism is now the DOMINANT IDEOLOGY (hegemony) of the industrialised West.
    -Adam Smith believed in the free market.
  7. 7ORIGINS OF LIBERALISM-Some people argue that liberalism and capitalism are inevitably linked.
    -In the early 20th C. MODERN LIBERALISM challenged some of the ideas of CLASSICAL LIBERALISM.
    -All 3 main parties have been described as NEO-LIBERLAISM (Thatcher).
  8. 8CORE THEMES OF LIBERALISM THE INDIVIDUAL-In feudal times, there was little idea of people having their own unique identities.
    -People were seen as members of social groups, rather than individuals.
    - Peasants had no way of 'bettering' themselves.
  9. 9THE INDIVIDUAL-As feudalism was replaced by market-oriented societies, people had more choices.
    -Serfs became 'free men' and could choose where to live and who to work for. (Freedom in 3 places 1) powerful offarty 'God'. 2) Society morals. 3) Nature.
  10. 10THE INDIVIDUAL-As individual human beings, they had NATURAL RIGHTS.
    -This leads to a tension between UNIQUENESS and equality.
  11. 11THE INDIVIDUAL-Extreme individualism leads to ATOMISM (the idea of society is made up if individuals) : society is made of EGOISTICAL and self-sufficient individuals, rather than social groups.
    -People are self interested.
  12. 12MARGARET THATCHERThere is no such thing as society.
  13. 13DAVID CAMERONThere IS such thing as society, it's just not the same as the state.
  14. 14THE INDIVIDUAL-Later liberals developed a more optimistic view of human nature: individuals do feel social responsibility.
    North Korea put society before the individual. Rule break- offerity needed state- social contract.
  15. 15WHAT MOTIVATES US AS HUMAN BEINGS?-All liberals believes that people are EGOISTICAL e.g. motivated by self-interest.
    -Classical liberals believe in material self-interest.
    -Modern liberals believe that we are also motivated by the desire to become 'fulfilled' individuals.
  16. 16FREEDOM-FREEDOM is the supreme political value for liberals.
    -However, early liberals (CLASSICAL LIBERALS) define freedom in different way from later liberals (MODERN LIBERALS).
    -ISAIAH BERLIN described two ways of defining freedom.
    -Classical liberals define freedom as the absence of external constraints: this is referred to as a NEGATIVE definition of freedom.
    -In other words, if nothing is stopping you from doing something then you are free to do it.
  17. 17FREEDOM-Morden liberals believed that people are only free if they have the capability and opportunity to do what they want- this is referred to as a POSITIVE definition of freedom.
  18. 18NEGATIVE FREEDOMbeing ALLOWED to do something. Minimal state
  19. 19POSITIVE FREEDOMBeing ENABLED to do something.
  20. 20FREEDOMHowever, there must be limits to freedom: people should not have the freedom to abuse others.
    -J.S. Mill (1859) distinguished between actions that are 'self-regarding' and 'other-regarding'.
    -Extreme liberals, or LIBERTARIANS, say there should be no restrictions on self-regarding actions.
    -However, liberals believe that a MINIMAL STATE is needed in order to control the other-regarding actions of egoistical individuals.

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A-Level Government and Politics Flashcards on Liberalism , created by Nancy Carter on 25/04/2016.
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Nancy Carter
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