Flashcards
Psyc concepts chapter 1
Cards in this deck (59)
- 1adaptationInherited solutions to ancestral problems selected because they contribute to reproductive success; they continue to perform that function even when the problem no longer exists.
- 2asylumsfacilities for treating the mentally ill that existed in Europe during the Middle Ages and into the 19th century
- 3behavioral neurosciencethe study of the links among brain, mind, and behavior.
- 4behaviourisma school of psychology - that psychology can be a true science only if it examines observable behavior, not ideas, thoughts, feelings, or motives.
- 5biological psychologythe study of the relationship between bodily systems & chemicals, & how they influence behavior and thought.
- 6clinical psychologythe field that deals with the treatment of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders and the promotion of psychological health.
- 7cognitive psychologythe study of how people perceive, remember, think, speak, and solve problems.
- 8collectivist culturea culture in which people view themselves in connection to others; the needs of the group are more important than the needs of individuals.
- 9developmental psychologythe study of how thought and behavior change and remain stable across the life span.
- 10educational psychologythe study of learning, the effectiveness of teaching techniques, the social psychology of schools, & the psychology of teaching.
- 11empiricismthe view that all knowledge and thoughts come from experience.
- 12evolutionthe change over time in the frequency with which specific genes occur within a breeding species.
- 13evolutionary psychologythe branch of psychology that aims to understand the functions of the human mind by looking at & understanding what adaptive problems it may have solved earlier in its ancestral past.
- 14forensic psychologythe study that combines psychology & the legal & criminal justice systems.
- 15functionalisma school of psychology- looking at why the mind worked the way it did rather than to describe its parts.
- 16Gestalt psychologya theory of psychology that proposes to perceive things as wholes rather than a compilation of parts.
- 17health psychologythe study of the role that psychological factors play in regard to physical health and illness.
- 18humanistic psychologya theory of psychology that focuses on personal growth and meaning as a way of reaching one’s highest potential.
- 19individualistic culturea culture in which people tend to view themselves as autonomous individuals
- 20industrial/organizational (I/O) psychologythe application of psychological concepts, questions to work settings & problems.
- 21introspectionthe main method of investigation for structuralists; looking into one’s own mind for information about the nature of conscious experience.
- 22moral treatmenttreatment of the mentally ill in Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries; its goal was to offer dignity &care in a relaxing environment.
- 23natural selectiona feedback process whereby nature favors one design over another, depending on impact on reproduction.
- 24nature through nurturethe position that the environment—constantly interacts with biology to shape who we are & what we do.
- 25neurosciencethe interdisciplinary study of the structure and function of human and animal brains.
- 26personality psychologythe study of what makes people unique- the consistencies in people’s behavior across time & situations.
- 27positive psychologya theory of psychology promoting healthy and positive psychological functioning, but does so from a scientific rather than theoretical perspective.
- 28psychoanalysisa clinically based approach to understanding and treating psychological disorders; assumes that the unconscious mind is the most powerful force behind thought& behavior.
- 29psychologythe scientific study of thought & behavior.
- 30psychophysicsthe first scientific form of psychology; laboratory studies of the subjective experience of physical sensations.
- 31shamansthose who treat the possessed by driving out demons with elaborate rituals, such as exorcisms, incantations, and prayers.
- 32social psychologythe study of how living among others influences thought, feeling, and behavior.
- 33socio-cultural perspectivean approach to psychological research that emphasizes cross-cultural
differences in thinking and behavior. - 34sports psychologythe study of psychological factors in sports and exercise.
- 35structuralism19th-century school of psychology that argued that breaking down experience into its elemental parts offers the best way to understand thought & behavior.
- 36Emil Kraepelinbegan a systematic method of classifying and diagnosing psychological disorders. He identified dementia praecox.
- 37Dorathea Dixwas the first practitioner of moral treatment. In 40 years, she personally helped to open 30 homes for moral treatment of the mentally ill.
- 38HippocratesEstablished natural and physical explanations for disorders in ancient times. He was the first to write about acrophobia – the fear of heights.
- 39trephinationthe drilling of a small hole in the person’s skull to release the spirits and demons that possessed the afflicted person.
- 40float testMedieval practice used to "test" if a person had a witch identity-a person’s hands and feet were tied & she was thrown into a lake or river. If she floated, she had to be guilty because only the Devil could make someone float; if she sank, she was innocent.
- 41John LockeStated that knowledge comes from experience-empiricism. He believed that the mind begins as a blank slate (tabula rasa), and that experience (what one sees, hears, tastes, touches, and smells) establishes its contents.
- 42Ernst Weber, Gustav Fechner, and Hermann von HelmholtzPhilosophers who contributed to the ideas that tests should be done- they were called experimental psychologists.
- 43Wilhelm WundtsSet up his psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany. This is considered the birthplace of experimental psychology. Is also credited with the separation of psychology from philosophy and physiology.
- 44James Mark BaldwinWundts apprentice, who established the first Canadian laboratory of experimental psychology at the University of Toronto in 1891-considered the founder of psychology in the United States.
- 45G. Stanley Hallopened the first U.S. laboratory of psychology at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore thereby establishing psychology as a science in the United States. He founded the American Psychological Association (APA) and become its first president in 1892.
- 46Francis Cecil Sumnerwas the first African American to earn a PhD in psychology (1920).
- 47Mary Whiton Calkinsbecame the first female president of the APA in 1905. Despite her accomplishments, Harvard refused to grant her a Ph.D. because she was a woman.
- 48Margaret Floy Washburnthe first woman to be granted a Ph.D. in 1894. She is most famous for writing a book The Animal Mind based on her research with animals.
- 49William Jameswas one of the most famous functionalists.
- 50John WatsonFounded behaviorism- proposes that psychology can be a true science only if it examines observable behavior, not ideas, thoughts, feelings, or motives.
- 51Edward Titchenerone of the most famous structuralists, who used introspection in his study of behaviors.
- 52Abraham Maslow and Carl RogersFounders of the Humanistic psychology movement in the 60's-which focuses on personal growth and meaning as a way of reaching one’s highest potential.
- 53Martin Seligman and Mihalyi CsikszentmihalyiInitiators of the movement called the positive psychology movement in the 1990s. It shares the humanism belief that psychology should focus on studying, understanding, & promoting healthy &positive psychological functioning with a scientific focus.
- 54Max WertheimerDeveloped Gestalt psychology-which proposed that we perceive things as unified whole rather than a compilation of parts, focused on perceptions.
- 55NeuroscientistsMajor contributors are Donald Hebb, -Hebb's Law, & Wilder Penfield who pioneered epilepsy treatments through surgery.
- 56interactionist perspectiveThe notion of nature through nurture, mainly the concept that the environment constantly interacts with biology to shape who we are and what we do.
- 57Mind-Body DualismHow much separation is between mind & body? This dualism, is the separation of mind and body. If true, allows for the idea of a soul that survives bodily death. This allows for ideas of reincarnation and resurrection.
- 58chance mutationsgenes which change for no apparent reason-these mutations can cause variation in the design of a structure or a set of behaviors.
- 59Native North American medicinemedicine practices which relied not only on spiritual healing, but also on the use of herbs and botanicals that contained medical ingredients.
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- Brief overview of concepts from Psychology chapter one. Course 260.
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- Victoria hamm
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