Flashcards
Cellular Biology (all subunits)
Cards in this deck (35)
- 1Cell theoryAll living things are made of cells.
Cells are the smallest unit of life.
Organelles are unable to survive on their own. - 2Functions of lifeMetabolism.
Response.
Homeostasis.
Growth.
Reproduction.
Excretion.
Nutrition. - 3Emergant propertiesWhen cells start working together in multicellular organisms in tissues, organs, and organ systems, they start displaying properties that individual cells do not have.
- 4DifferentiationA process through which cells become specialised, where genes are "turned on and off" as required (called gene expression).
- 5ProkaryotesBacteria.
Simple structure, no compartments. - 6EukaryotesPlants, animals, fungi, protoza.
Complex and compartmentalised. - 7Plasma membraneA semi-permeable membrane which controls what enters/leaves the cells.
- 8RibosomesSite of protein synthesis.
Can be associated with endoplasmic reticulum, secreted proteins.
Can be free in cytoplasm, internal proteins. - 9MitochondriaSite of cellular respiration.
The number in a cell is related to energy requirements of the cell.
Contain their own DNA. - 10Endoplasmic reticulumSeries of interconnected spaces (cisternae) which are connected to nuclear envelope.
When surrounded by ribosomes it is called rough ER, makes and transports proteins.
With no ribosomes it is called smooth ER, lipid production. - 11Golgi apparatusMade up of stacks of flattened cisternae.
Vesicles bud off the end of one layer and pass to the next layer.
Proteins produced by rough ER are sorted and modified in the golgi.
Found in high numbers in secretory cells. - 12NucleusSurrounded by double nuclear envelopes which contain pores.
Contains chromosomes.
Nucleolus, make rRNA (ribosomes). - 13LiposomesVesicles containing digestive enzymes, break down worn out organelles, digest bacterial cells.
- 14CiliaSome cells have hair-like structure called cilia which are used for movement along or creating a current near to the surface.
- 15Animal cellNo cell wall.
No chloroplasts.
Contains small vacuoles. - 16Plant cellHas a cell wall surrounding the plasma membrane.
Contains chloroplasts, site of photosynthesis.
Contains a large vacuole for storage of material. - 17Cell wallMaintains the plant cell shape.
Provides strength, rigidity, and support to plants.
Made mainly of cellulose fibres. - 18ChloroplastsContains a series of interconnected discs which contain chlorophyll.
Site of photosynthesis.
Contains own DNA. - 19CentriolesProduces spindle fibres which are important in cell division.
- 20Cell membranesAll cells have a plasma membrane.
Control of entry/exit to the cell.
Keeps different parts separate.
Recognition and communication. - 21AmphipathicA hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail.
- 22Diffusionhigh concentration -> low concentration.
Rate increases with short distance.Large surface area has higher diffusion rate. Rate is higher when the difference in concentration between two areas in greater. Molecules move quicker when temperature is increased. - 23Facilitated diffusionSome molecules are not able to pass through but are "helped" by protein channels through the membrane.
The protein channels are specific to molecules they transport. - 24OsmosisThe movement of water from an area of high concentration to low concentration across a semi-permeable membrane.
Adding solutes to water will change the tonicity (osmotic pressure) of the solution.
Osmosis will continue until both sides are the same tonicity = isotonic. - 25Active transportRequires energy in the form of ATP.
Substances move against the concentration gradient (low concentration -> high concentration). - 26Ion/Protein pumpsLarger molecules or ions are able to pass through the membrane using special proteins. These proteins are specific for the molecule. They require ATP to work, the ATP binds with the protein to change its shape which moves the molecules through the protein.
- 27EndocytosisThe cell membrane folds around the material, engulfing it, which forms a vesicle inside the cell. The vesicle may then be digested by enzymes.
Has 2 forms: phagocytosis = solid material, pinocytosis = liquid material - 28ExocytosisThe reverse process of endocytosis is used to transport material out of the cell and between cell organelles.
- 29Endosymbiotic theoryThe eukaryotes evolved through a process whereby different types of free-living prokaryotes became incorporated inside larger prokaryotic cells and eventually developed into mitochondria, chloroplasts, and possibly other organelles.
- 30Mitosis: InterphaseG1: cell contents are duplicated.
S: DNA replication and chromosome duplication.
G2: Metabolic changes assemble material ready for mitosis. - 31Mitosis: ProphaseThe nuclear membrane breaks down.
DNA condenses by supercoiling which makes the chromosomes shorter and wider.
The centrosomes/MTOC produce microtubules that form the spindle fibres. - 32Mitosis: MetaphaseThe chromosomes migrate to the midline of cell.
The spindle fibres bind to a structure associated with the centromere of each chromosome called a kinetochore. - 33Mitosis: AnaphaseThe sister chromatids of each chromosome are pulled apart to the opposite ends of the cell by the spindle fibres.
- 34Mitosis: TelophaseThe final stage of mitosis, and a reversal of many of the processes observed during prophase.
The nuclear membrane reforms around the chromosomes which uncoil and become diffuse, and the spindle fibres disappear. - 35CytokinesisThe final cellular division to form two new cells.
In plants a cell plate forms along the line of the metaphase plate. In animals there is a constriction of the cytoplasm.
The cell then enters interphase: the interval between mitotic divisions.
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- International Baccalaureate (IB) Biology (Cellular Biology) Flashcards on Cellular Biology (all subunits), created by Chloe Schuster on 16/10/2016.
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