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Flashcards

Lecture 4: Neuroanatomy

McKenzie Sanders Psychology English 129 cards

Cards in this deck (129)

  1. 1What are the directions in the 3D space of the brain?Anterior (rostral)
    Posterior (caudal)
    Dorsal
    Ventral
    Medial
    Lateral
  2. 2What is the midline?Line running down the middle of the nervous system
    Symmetrical halves
  3. 3What is the neuraxis?Imaginary line running through the spinal cord to the front of the brain
  4. 4What direction does anterior/rostral refer to?Towards the nose or head
  5. 5What direction does posterior/caudal refer to?Towards the tail
  6. 6What direction does dorsal refer to?Towards the back
  7. 7What direction does ventral refer to?Towards the belly
  8. 8What direction does medial refer to?Towards the midline
  9. 9What direction does lateral refer to?Away from the midline
  10. 10What are the 3 planes of section in the CNS?Sagittal
    Coronal/Frontal
    Horizontal
  11. 11What is the sagittal plane?Cut perpendicular to the ground and parallel to the neuraxis
  12. 12What is the midsagittal plane?Cuts in sagittal plane down middle to divide the brain into two symmetrical halves
  13. 13What is the coronal/frontal plane?Transverse cuts or cuts perpendicular to the ground and to the sagittal plane
  14. 14What is the horizontal plane?Cuts parallel to the ground
  15. 15What is the difference between nuclei and ganglia?Nuclei are a collection of cell bodies in the CNS; Ganglia are a collection of cell bodies in the PNS
  16. 16What is the difference between afferent and efferent?Afferent: incoming axons/information towards an area
    Efferent: Outgoing axons/information away from an area
  17. 17What is the difference between contralateral and ipsilateral?Contralateral: opposite side
    Ipsilateral: Same side
  18. 18What are the 5 major divisions of the brain at maturity?Mesencephalon
    Myencephalon
    Diencephalon
    Telencephalon
    Metencephalon
  19. 19What is the first development of the CNS?Neural tube
  20. 20What does the neural tube first develop into?Forebrain
    Midbrain
    Hindbrain
  21. 21What does the forebrain develop into?Telencephalon
    Diencephalon
  22. 22What does the midbrain develop into?Mesencephalon
  23. 23What does the hindbrain develop into?Metencephalon
    Myelencephalon
  24. 24What are meninges?Protective sheath around the brain and spinal cord
  25. 25What are the 3 layers of the meninges?Dura mater
    Arachnoid membrane
    Pia mater
  26. 26What is the dura mater?Thick, tough, flexible outer layer of the meninges
  27. 27What is the arachnoid membrane?Middle layer of the meninges that is spongy and soft and has a web-like appearance
  28. 28What is the subarachnoid space?Space between pia mater and arachnoid membrane that is filled with CSF
  29. 29What is the pia mater?Thin membrane of the meninges that is closely attached the brain and spinal cord
  30. 30What is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?Clear fluid similar to blood plasma that fills the ventricular system and subarachnoid space of the brain and spinal cord
  31. 31What are ventricles?Hollow spaces in the brain that are interconnected and filled with CSF
    Protection for the brain
  32. 32What is the choroid plexus?Makes CSF using components from blood
  33. 33What is the path for the circulation of CSF?Lateral ventricles → 3rd ventricle → cerebral aqueduct → 4th ventricle → openings in the subarachnoid space → reabsorbed into the blood
  34. 34What part of the brain is the telencephalon located in?Forebrain
  35. 35What does the telencephalon contain?Cortex
    Basal ganglia
    Limbic system
  36. 36What are the structural features of the human cortex?Large surface area
    Largely convoluted
    Sulci & gyri
  37. 37What is a sulcus?Large groove in the surface of the cerebral hemisphere
  38. 38What is a gyrus?Ridge of cortex surrounded by sulci
  39. 39What are the structural divisions of the cortex?Frontal lobe
    Parietal lobe
    Temporal lobe
    Occipital lobe
  40. 40Where is the frontal lobe?Anterior to central fissure
  41. 41Where is the parietal lobe?On the side of the cerebral hemisphere posterior to the central fissure
  42. 42Where is the temporal lobe?Ventral to the lateral fissure on the sides of the brain
    Ventral to frontal and parietal lobes
  43. 43Where is the occipital lobe?Posterior end of brain caudal to the parietal lobe
  44. 44What are the 3 large regions of the cortex that receive sensory information?Primary visual cortex (V1)
    Primary auditory cortex (A1)
    Primary somatosensory cortex (S1)
  45. 45What is the region of cortex involved in control of movement?Primary motor cortex (M1)
  46. 46What are association areas?Perceiving, learning, remembering, planning and acting
  47. 47What are the 2 association areas of the cortex?Sensory association cortex
    Motor association cortex
  48. 48What is the sensory association cortex involved in?Perceiving and storing memories
  49. 49What is the motor association cortex involved in?Planning and execution of movements
  50. 50What is the function of the prefrontal cortex?Planning and strategizing
  51. 51Where is the prefrontal cortex?All cortical areas rostral to the motor association cortex
  52. 52What connects the two cerebral hemispheres?Corpus callosum
  53. 53What is lateralization?Functions that are located in just one cerebral hemisphere (one side of the body only)
  54. 54How is most information in the brain projected?Contralaterally
  55. 55What does it mean to "split the brain"?Procedure in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers between them
  56. 56What is the left hemisphere primarily responsible for?Analyzing information
    Sequential processing. extraction of elements, organizing serial events
  57. 57What is the right hemisphere primarily responsible for?Synthesis of information
    Ability to draw 3D objects, read maps, non-sequential processing
  58. 58Where are language and speech lateralized?Left hemisphere
    Wernicke's area and Broca's area
  59. 59What is the function of the Wernicke's area?Speech comprehension
  60. 60What is the function of the Broca's area?Speech production
  61. 61Where is emotion recognition and facial expression production lateralized?Right hemisphere
  62. 62What has an advantage in recognizing facial expressions and emotion in the tone of voice?Left-ear/left-visual field
  63. 63What is Gazzaniga's theory about the hemispheres?Left hemisphere is "the interpreter"- searches for causal relationships and seeks explanations
    Right hemisphere maintains accuracy- keeps an accurate record of events
  64. 64What does Gazzaniga's theory state as its advantages to a dual system?Right maintains the record
    Left can elaborate and make inferences and predictions
  65. 65How do we get evidence for lateralization?Split-brain patients
    People who have had their corpus callosum severed
  66. 66What is split-brain surgery used as a last-resort treatment for?Epilepsy
  67. 67How are gray matter and white matter structured in the cortex?Gray matter is most external; white matter is internal
    White matter: axon tracts & fiber pathways
  68. 68How are the layers structured in the cortex?Older parts of the brain have fewer cortical layers
  69. 69Where is the diencephalon located in the brain?Forebrain
  70. 70What structures does the diencephalon contain?Thalamus and hypothalamus
  71. 71What do the thalamus and hypothalamus surround?3rd ventricle
  72. 72Where is the thalamus?Located in the center of the brain ventral to the cortex
  73. 73What is the thalamus?Two lobes connected by massa intermedia
  74. 74What is the primary function of the thalamus?Sensory relay to cortex
  75. 75Where is the hypothalamus located?Base of the brain under the thalamus
  76. 76What does the hypothalamus contain?Many nuclei and fiber tracts
    Autonomic and endocrine system
  77. 77What is the function of the hypothalamus?Organizes behavior related survival
    4 F's (Fighting, fleeing, feeding and mating)
  78. 78What is the pituitary gland controlled by?Hypothalamus
  79. 79What are neurosecretory cells?Specialized neurons in the hypothalamus that secrete hormones that stimulate the anterior pituitary to release hormones
  80. 80What are the 2 divisions of the pituitary gland?Anterior pituitary
    Posterior pituitary
  81. 81What does the anterior pituitary do?Secretes hormones that control the endocrine glands in the body
  82. 82What is the posterior pituitary?Extension of the hypothalamus
    Hypothalamus produces hormones that get secreted by posterior pituitary
  83. 83What 3 divisions of the brain contain limbic system?Telencephalon, Diencephalon & Mesencephalon
  84. 84What is the limbic system involved in?Emotion, learning & memory
  85. 85What structures are in the limbic system?Hippocampus
    Amygdala
    Fornix
    Mammillary bodies
    Cingulate gyrus
    Septum pellucidum & septal nuclei
    Nucleus accumbens
  86. 86What is the hippocampus?Rams horn shape
    Involved in learning & memory
  87. 87What is the amygdala?Almond shape at rostral end of the temporal lobe
    Involved in emotion, fear and specific types of learning & memory
  88. 88What is the fornix?Fiber tract that connects the hippocampus with the mammillary bodies
  89. 89What are mammillary bodies?Protrusion on the base of the brain under the hypothalamus
  90. 90What is the cingulate gyrus?Region of limbic cortex above corpus callosum
  91. 91What are the septum pellucidum/septal nuclei?Involved in reward/reinforcement
  92. 92What is the nucleus accumbens?Associated with reward, pleasure, aggression and impulsivity
  93. 93Which two divisions of the brain contain the basal ganglia?Telencephalon & Diencephalon
  94. 94What is the basal ganglia?Collection of nuclei involved in the control of movement
  95. 95What 3 structures comprise the basal ganglia?Caudate
    Putamen
    Globus Pallidus
  96. 96What is the striatum?Caudate & putamen
  97. 97What division of the brain is the Mesencephalon?Midbrain
  98. 98What is surrounded by the mesencephalon?Cerebral aqueduct
  99. 99What are the two primary structures of the mesencephalon?Tectum & Tegmentum
  100. 100Where is the tectum located?Dorsal part of midbrain
  101. 101What are the 2 systems in the tectum?Inferior colliculi
    Superior colliculi
  102. 102What are the inferior colliculi involved in?Auditory system
  103. 103What are the superior colliculi involved in?Visual system (visual reflexes)
  104. 104Where is the tegmentum located?Ventral part of midbrain beneath the tectum
  105. 105What structures is the tegmentum comprised of?Reticular formation
    Oculomotor nuclei
    Periaqueductal gray (PAG)
    Red nucleus
    Substantia nigra (SN)
    Ventral tegmental area (VTA)
  106. 106What is the reticular formation?Rostral end of tegmentum
    Many nuclei
    Involved in sleep, arousal, attention, movement and reflexes
  107. 107What are the oculomotor nuclei?Nuclei controlling eye movements
  108. 108What is the PAG?Surrounds cerebral aqueduct
    Controls sequences of movements in species-specific behaviors
  109. 109What is the red nucleus?Motor nucleus
    Receives motor information from cerebellum and cortex and sends it to the spinal cord
  110. 110What is the SN?Motor nucleus
    Connected to caudate and putamen
  111. 111What is the VTA?Connected to the prefrontal cortex & nucleus accumbens
    Motivational system
  112. 112What division of the brain contains the Metencephalon?Hindbrain
  113. 113What comprises the metencephalon?Pons & cerebellum
  114. 114What is the pons?Large bulge in brainstem between the mesencephalon and the medulla, ventral to the cerebellum
  115. 115What is the function of the pons?Contains reticular formation (sleep and arousal) and relay nuclei (information from cortex to the cerebellum)
  116. 116What is the cerebellum?Dorsal to the pons
    Two cerebellar hemispheres
    Important component of the motor system
  117. 117What is the cerebellum involved in?Any movement that needs timing information
    Complex movement patterns
  118. 118Where is the myelencephalon located?Hindbrain
  119. 119What is the myelencephalon comprised of?Medulla
    Reticular formation
  120. 120What is the medulla?Most caudal portion of the brain
    Lower border is the rostral end of the spinal cord
    Reticular formation regulates cardiovascular system, breathing & skeletal muscle tone
  121. 121What is the origin of the spinal cord?Notochord
  122. 122What is the spinal cord?Cord of nervous tissue that extends caudally from the medulla
  123. 123What are the functions of the spinal cord?Distributes motor axons to effector organs and muscles
    Collects somatosensory information to pass to brain
    Reflexive circuits
  124. 124What protects the spinal cord?Vertebrae
  125. 125What is the cauda equina?End of cord that is made up of spinal roots
  126. 126How is the spinal cord structured?Small bundles of axons emerge from each side of the spinal cord in 2 lines on the dorsolateral & ventrolateral surface
    31 pairs of dorsal and ventral roots
  127. 127What is the dorsal root?Spinal root that contains afferent sensory axons
  128. 128What is the ventral root?Spinal root that contains efferent motor axons
  129. 129What makes the spinal cord the opposite of the brain?White matter on outside, gray matter on inside

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Taken from lecture 4 of PSY 314
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