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Flashcards

Foreign policy HVII

Robin Connolly History A level English 61 cards

Cards in this deck (61)

  1. 1What were Henry VII's foreign policy aims?- To avoid war and save money
    - To secure the tudor dynasty and leave the line of succession safe
  2. 2What were Henry's reasons for raising revenue to build an army to support Brittany?- Obligation to Bretons
    - Fear that with Brittany under French control the French held a bigger threat to England
  3. 3What was a fiefdom?Denotes an area over which feudal lordship is executed
  4. 4Who was Brittany ruled over by?Duke Francis II
  5. 5Who was Duke Francis II's only heir?Duchess Anne
  6. 6How did this affect the Breton position?Due to the lack of male heirs and Anne being unable to rule, the French wanted to strip Brittany of independence
  7. 7When was the treaty of Redon?1489
  8. 8What did the treaty of Redon do?- Duchess Anne would provide the money for a small British army to defend Brittany from the French threat
    - Henry would strengthen relationship with Maximilian
    - Anne agreed not to marry Charles VIII
  9. 9What was the arrangement therefore between Anne and Maximilian?Marriage by proxy
  10. 10How were foreign relations with Scotland?- Only country sharing a border with England
    - Experienced cross border lawlessness
    - Often worked closely with France as part of the auld alliance
  11. 11How were foreign relations with France?- Most powerful European country
    - Seeking to brig duchies such as Brittany and Burgundy under French control
    - France and England shared a long history of hostility
  12. 12When was the hundred years war?1337-1453
  13. 13How were foreign relations with Burgandy?- Medieval power broken after death of Charles the bold
    - Lands of duchy assumed by French crown
    - Title to be passed to Maximilian of the Holy Roman Empre
  14. 14How were foreign relations with the Holy Roman Empire?Federation of around 300 states, with an elected emperor
  15. 15How were foreign relations with Spain?- Marriage between Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castille brought the two nations together
    - Death of Isabella in 1504 lost this
    - Ferdinand got in a conflict over control of Castille?
  16. 16How were foreign relations with Ireland?- Anomoly
    - English king was Lord of Ireland
  17. 17What happened when Henry sent the army to Brittany?- Army got there, but Anne feared the effects of prolonged tension with France, so gave in and married Charles VIII
    - English army marooned
    - Maximilian lost interest
    - Immediate set back after first foreign excursion
  18. 18Describe the invasion of France in 1492?- Henry launched an attack knowing the French had other preoccupations (Italy) and so would surrender easily
    - Quick peace settlement
    - Good tactics, flexibility
  19. 19What did the treat of Etaples (Nov 1492) say?- Charles agreed to withdraw support for Perkin Warbek
    - Agreed to pay a pension to compensate Henry
    - Henry managed to secure dynastic and national interests and improve the financial situation
  20. 20Who was in receipt of the majority of British exports?Ports of the Netherlands
  21. 21What were the problems surrounding Margaret of Burgandy?- In ownership of her late husband's estate
    - Sister of Edward IV and Richard III
    - Leading upholder of Yorkist cause
  22. 22What was the relationship between Margaret of Burgundy and Maximilian?Stepson in Law
  23. 23When did Maximilian become Holy Roman Emperor?1493
  24. 24Who was the jurisdiction of the Netherlands handed on to?Philip, Maximilian's sixteen year old son
  25. 25What made the relationship between Burgundy and England deteriorate further?Maximilian and Philip offering hospitality to Perkin Warbeck
  26. 26How did Henry aim to ease these tensions?He put in place a trade embargo with Burgandy
  27. 27What was the problem of the trade embargo?Conflicted Henry's aims of securing the dynasty and encouraging trade
  28. 28Why did this lose Henry national popularity?Showed he was prepared to sacrifice commercial interests of London and east-coast merchants
  29. 29When did relations improve between Burgandy and England?- When Perkin Warbeck left Burgandy
    - Intercursus Magnus 1496
    -
  30. 30In what year did Isabella, Queen of Castille die?1504
  31. 31What was the outcome of Isabella of Castille's death?- Treaty of Windsor
    - Intercursus Malus
  32. 32What was the Intercursus Malus?Trade deal giving England a much stronger trading position in the Netherlands
  33. 33What were the outcomes of the Intercursus Malus?- Philip and Maximilian handed over the Earl of Suffolk
    - Henry had improved trading positions & the strength of the dynasty
  34. 34What was the treaty of Medina del Campo?A treaty between England and Spain
  35. 35What did the treaty of Medina del Campo state?- Two monarchies would support each other
    - Agreed not to harbour rebels or pretenders
    - Marriage alliance between Arthur and Catherine of Aragon (Isabella and Ferdinand's daughter)
  36. 36What were the problems with the implementation of the treaty?- Arrangements for the marriage did not go smoothly
    - Ferdinand did not want the marriage to go ahead while the threat of Perkin Warbeck was still at large
    - Fought over the size of Catherine's dowry
  37. 37When were the details of the marriage agreed and when did it go ahead?- Details 1499
    - Marriage 1501
  38. 38When did Arthur die and why did the cause fractions between Ferdinand and Henry?- 1502
    - Henry suggested Catherine should marry his son, Henry
    - However Ferdinand was reluctant due to having little need for the alliance as it would require Papal Dispensation
  39. 39What did the death of Isabella mean for the marriage alliance?- Henry lost interest due to Ferdinand becoming a less prominent political figure after her death
    - There was a succession struggle between Ferdinand and Juana
  40. 40Who was stranded at sea in 1506?Juana and her husband Philip of Burgandy
  41. 41What did the treaty of Windsor state?- Strengthened relations between Juana, Philip and Henry
    - Intercursus Malas
    - Return of Earl of Suffolk
    - Proposed marriage between Henry and Archduchess Margaret, Philip's sister
    - Henry's recognition of Juana and Philip as rulers of Castille
  42. 42How did Philip of Burgandy's death affect Henry?- Juana went mad
    - Ferdinand became regent of Castille
    - Left Henry diplomatically isolated
    - Ferdinand ensured the marriage between Henry VIII and Catherine would not take place in Henry VII's lifetime
  43. 43Describe relations with Scotland between 1485-95.- Often tense
    - Mainly cordial
  44. 44Describe relations with Scotland between 1495-6.- King James IV came of age in 1495 and offered Perkin Warbeck hospitality
    - Warbeck remained for two years in the court and was offered both a pension and marriage to Lady Catherine Gordon
    - James encouraged Perkin to cross the border in 1496 with an army
    - The invasion didn't last and quickly retreated
    - Led Henry to raise a bigger army and invade Scotland, also prompting a taxation rebellion in 1497
  45. 45Describe relations with Scotland in 1497.- Large-scale rebellion in Cornwall
    - In the interests of both England and Scotland to provide a quick truce
    - Truce took place at Ayton, a few miles north of the stronghold of Berwick-upon-Tweed
  46. 46Describe relations with Scotland in 1498.- Significantly improved
    - James no longer had any diplomatic use for Perkin
    - Warbeck executed in 1499
  47. 47Describe relations with Scotland between 1501-3.- Agreed James should marry Henry's daughter, Margaret
    - 1502, this was sanctioned by a formal peace treaty (Treaty of Perpetual Peace)
    - Marriage took place in 1503
    - Improvement lasted until the end of Henry's reign
    - Henry was successful in securing the dynasty
  48. 48How far did Henry's power in Ireland reach?The Pale (area of land surrounding Dublin)
  49. 49Who held power in the rest of Ireland?- Anglo-Norman barons
    - The Fitzgerald's and Butlers were the most important
  50. 50Who was the most dominant figure in Ireland?- Earl of Kildare
    - He was the leader of the Geraldines
    - Lord Deputy of Ireland since 1477
    - Feared by Henry due to Yorkist symapthies
    - Suspicion enforced by Kildare's support for Lambert Simnel
    - Kildare crowned Simnel King of Ireland in 1486
    - Supported Warbeck in 1491
  51. 51What actions did Henry make in response?- Attempted approach of rule of the Pale through an Englishmen backed by armed force
    - Appointed Prince Henry as Lieutenent of Ireland and Sir Edward Poynings as deputy
  52. 52What were Poyning's successes?- Established royal authority by threat and bribery
    - Required the Irish parliament to pass Poyning's law in 1495
    - Attempted to implement English law in Ireland
  53. 53What was Poyning's law?Irish parliament could pass no law without prior agreement of the English crown
  54. 54What were the problems with Poyning's rule?- Proved too expensive
    - More financial problems in 1495 when Warbeck besieged the town of Waterford
    - Henry was short of money due to the threat from the Scots
  55. 55How did Henry solve the problem?Recalled Poynings and reappointed Kildare
  56. 56How had Kildare changed?- No point in supporting the Yorkists
    - Decided to serve Henry loyally
    - Secured submission of Irish chieftains
    - By 1500, security was cheap and peaceable
    - Kildare used his office to rebuild his family fortune
  57. 57Describe Henry VII's children.- Arthur, Henry, Margaret, Mary
    - In 1503, one year after Arthur died, Elizabeth also died
  58. 58What did the death of Arthur mean for the dynasty?- Increased insecurity
    - Made Prince Henry the new heir
    - Raised issues for if the King died while Henry was still a child
    - Issue was complicated by the rise of the Earl of Suffolk
  59. 59What did the dynasty depend on>- Henry VII's survival until Henry's coming of age
    - Disposal of the threat from the Earl of Suffolk
  60. 60Why were marriage alliances so important?- Essential part of international diplomacy
    - Monarchs sought marriage alliances to enhance power and influence
    - Important to bring about dynastic security
  61. 61What marriage alliances were made?- SPAIN by securing a marriage alliance with Catherine of Aragon and Arthur
    - Then Catherine and Henry
    - SCOTLAND oldest daughter, Margaret to James IV
    - (Later) Mary to Louis XII
    - Henry tried himself to remarry (possible alliances with France, Spain and Holy ROman Empire)

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A level History (Henry VII, 1485-1509) Flashcards on Foreign policy HVII, created by Robin Connolly on 25/11/2016.
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Robin Connolly
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