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Lecture 4: Memory
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- 1What is Atkinson and Shiffrin's (1968) modal model of memory?Information enters into sensory story - if attention is paid to it it passes into STM - rehearsal of this information will transfer it into the LTM. If it isn't rehearsed it will be lost out of STM via displacement.
- 2What is the serial position curve: free recall task?- Study: words (syllables) presented at a fixed pace.
Test: Recall words in any order.
Recall % plotted as a function of word's position in list.
E.g. 20 words to remember - unrelated. Recall the words in any order.
How likely are you to recall each word depending on the position of the word in the list? - 3What is the recency effect?More likely to recall the last few items presented in the list. E.g. from STM
- 4What is the primacy effect?More likely to recall/remember words that were at the start of the list. E.g. from LTM
- 5What is the duration, capacity and coding for STM?Duration = 20 seconds
Capacity = 7+/-2 chunks
Code: phonological - 6What was Miller's study for the capacity of STM?Magical number 7 +/- 2
Digit span test
Can typically recall lists lengths of 5-9 - 7What was Brown, Peterson and Peterson's study for the duration of STM?Pps given nonsense trigram to remember.
Then count backwards in 3s from a number.
Trace decay of unrehearsed items occur exponentially over 20-30 seconds.
If you don't get to rehearse the information - duration is 30 seconds. - 8What was Conrad's study for the coding of STM?Visually presented letters: recall performance worse on similar sounding letters.
Similar to errors made when trying to discriminate spoken letters against distracting noise. - 9What is the duration, capacity and coding for LTM?Duration = infinite
Difficult to evaluate - assumed to be limitless. Brady (2008) - 2500 images for 10 seconds each - 90% remembered days later.
Capacity = unlimited. Stores vast amounts of information. e.g. language, social skills, motor skills, events.
Code = semantic - 10What was the study for coding in LTM?Semantic confusability effect.
Baddeley (1966)
Delayed recall (20 min)
Recall worse if semantically similar
No effect of acoustic/phonological similarity. - 11What is the duration, capacity and coding of sensory store?Duration = 500ms (iconic), 1-5 sec (echoic)
Capacity = large-ish
Code = modality-specific - 12What is Sperling's partial report technique?1 second presentation of a matrix of letters.
If asked to report all letters, could only report 3-4.
Reporting is bottleneck - you forget most letters while reporting the first few.
Partial report technique = after display, cued to report one row.
Could still report 3-4. Therefore, they stored all 12. - 13What is the iconic store?- Visual store
- Duration = 500 ms
- Capacity = 12+ letters
- Loss via: decay - 14What is the echoic store?- Auditory store
- Duration = 1-5 sec
- Capacity - depends on stimuli
- Loss via: decay - 15What is Anterograde amnesia? And give an example of a patientInability to make new memories. Intact STM. Reduced primacy but intact recency.
Milner - studied patient HM. He had an operation due to epilepsy -removed medial temporal lobes.
He couldnt make new memories.
Digit span normal, memory for past intact. - 16What are problems with the modal model of memory?- Mini-monoliths = subsequent research has shown that each of the stores is complex.
- The STS gateway to LTM = how can STS-impaired patients transfer information to LTM
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- Cognition Fichas sobre Lecture 4: Memory , creado por Gabriella kiernan el 07/01/2020.
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