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attachment
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- 1what is attachmenta close two way emotional bond between two individuals, they see each other essential for their own emotional security
- 2attachments can be identified by people displaying what behaviours?proximity seeking, separation distress, secure base behaviour
- 3recipriocityan interaction is reciprocal when each person responds to the other and elicits a response from them
- 4interactional synchronymother and infant reflect the actions and emotions of each other and this is co-ordinated
- 5schaffer and emerson- stages of attachmentprocedure- 31 boy, 29 girl from
glasgow, were visited at home at every month at 1 year and 18 months
mothers were asked how their babies protested in the 7 everyday seperations
this assessed infants attachment but also assessed stranger anxiety; the infants response to unfamiliar adults - 6findings of schaffer and emerson-between 25-32 weeks of age around 50% of babies showed signs of separation anxiety towards an adult, usually mother= specific attachment
-attachment was tended to be the caregiver who was most interactive and sensitive to infant signals and facial expressions
-not necessarily who infant spends most time with
-40 weeks 80% had specific attachment
-30% displayed multiple attachments - 7evaluation of schaffer and emerson-as study was carried out at home and done by parents doing usual tasks and reported to researcher after take was unlikely to be affected by presence of observers, pps behaved naturally= good external validity
-carried out longitudinally
-families were from same district, social class, same city, done over 50 years ago is a limitation as child- rearing practices vary from one culture to another meaning cant generalise well to other social and historical contexts - 8stages of attachmentstage 1- asocial stage (first few weeks)
stage 2- indiscriminate attachment
stage 3- specific attachment
stage 4- multiple attachments - 9what did konrad lorenz study?imprinting
- 10what is imprinting?-newborn of some bird species follows the first moving object it sees during a specific time (critical period) after hatching
-this is instinctive and requires no learning - 11what is the procedure of lorenzs study?-classical experiment
-randomly divided a clutch of goose eggs
-half the goose eggs were hatched with the mother goose in natural environment
-other half hatched in an incubator where the first moving object they saw was Lorenz - 12lorenzs findings?-incubator group followed lorenz everywhere
-control group followed their mother
-when two groups were mixed together the control group followed their mother and the experimental group followed lorenz - 13the reason behind lorenzs findings?-it is called imprinting, whereby bird species that are mobile from birth attach to and follow the first moving object they see
-he identified a critical period in which it takes place
-if not imprinted within this time they will not attach themselves to a mother figure - 14lorenzs findings on sexual imprinting?-birds that imprinted on a human would often later display courtship behaviour towards humans
-case study peacock had been reared in a reptile house of a zoo where the first moving object after hatching they saw were tortoises. as an adult the bird would only direct courtship behaviour towards giant tortoises. this concluded he had undergone sexual imprinting - 15evaluation points of lorenz?-generalisability to humans
- 16what is the learning theory?-put forward by behaviourists
-they prefer to focus on explanations solely on behaviour (what people do rather than what they think)
-two explanations CLASSICAL and OPERANT conditioning - 17what is classical conditioning?-learning through association
UCS-------->UCR
NS-------->UCR
CS--------.>CR - 18operant conditioning?-learning through reinforcement
-positive reinforcement
-negative reinforcement - 19what is positive reinforcement?the caregiver supplies food------->the infant enjoys the reward and a bond is formed
- 20what is negative reinforcement?when the infant feels discomfort when hungry and has a desire to remove the discomfort------->they learn that if they cry, their caregiver feeds them and the discomfort is removed
- 21what is drive reduction?hunger is a primary drive-feelings of hunger are learnt, but an innate biological motivator
- 22who studied the development of attachment theory?Ainsworth and Bell
- 23Ainsworth and Bell identified 3 types of attachment, what were they?-Secure attachment
-avoidant attachment
-resistant attachment - 24what is secure attachment and how would a child behave if they were this type?-desirable attachment type, psychologically healthy outcomes
-in the strange situation there would be moderate stranger and separation anxiety and easily comforted upon reunion - 25what is avoidant attachment and how would a child behave if they were this type?-characterised by low anxiety but weak attachment
-in the strange situation there would be low stranger and separation anxiety, infant doesn't seek contact with caregiver, little response at reunion they seem to avoid/ignore caregiver - 26what is resistant attachment and how would a child behave if they were this type?-strong attachment and intense anxiety
-high levels of stranger and separation anxiety, resistance to be comforted at reunion
-infant is so clingy yet refuses to allow caregiver to comfort them - 27what is the strange situation?-controlled observation procedure
-designed to measure the security attachment a child displays towards caregiver
-takes place in a room with controlled conditions i.e lab with a two way mirror through which psychologists can observe - 28what are the behaviours used to judge attachment?-proximity seeking
-exploration and secure-base behaviour
-stranger anxiety
-separation anxiety
-response to reunion - 29what are the 7 episodes in the strange situation?1) child encouraged to explore
2)stranger comes in and tries to interact with the child
3)caregiver leaves the child and stranger
4)caregiver returns and stranger leaves
5)caregiver leaves child alone
6)stranger returns
7)caregiver returns and is reunited with child - 30Harlows aims?to look at the importance of attachment through comfort not food
- 31Harlow's procedure?-16 baby monkeys
-2 mothers, one wire monkey with a milk dispenser and the other monkey was cloth with no milk - 32what were Harlow's findings?-baby monkeys cuddled the soft object in preference to the wire one
-sought comfort from the cloth one when frightened regardless of whether it dispensed milk
-this showed that contact comfort was of more importance to the monkeys than food when it came to attachment behaviour - 33what is the critical period?-attachment should take place during the critical period
-if attachment doesn't happen in this time frame, it wont happen at all
-critical period up to 18 months
-sensitive period up to 3 years - 34what is monotropy?- an innate tendency to become attached to a particular adult who interacts with them sensitively
-unique attachment, 1st to develop and strongest of all
-this attachment will form an internal working model which is a template for future relationships - 35what did van ijzendooen and kroonenberg study?cultural variations in attachment
-they investigated cross-cultural variation in attachment types through meta-analysis - 36procedure of van ijzendooen and kroonenberg's study?-a meta analysis was conducted which compared the findings of 32 studies which used the strange situation to investigate the proportion of infants with different attachment types
western countries- USA, UK, Germany
Eastern cultures-Japan, Israel, China - 37Findings of Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg's study?-secure attachment was the most common type of attachment in all 8 nations
-significant differences were found in the distribution of insecure attachments e.g. in western cultures the dominant insecure type is avoidant whereas in eastern cultures the dominant insecure is resistant with china being the only exception - 38—
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- Fichas sobre attachment, creado por harrietmcwhan el 23/11/2015.
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