Fichas
Little Albert (1920)
Fichas del conjunto (22)
- 12 Aims and 2 Methodologies- To test whether our emotions can also be acquired through classical conditioning
- To instil phobia by classical conditioning
- 1 PPT: Albert B. a normal male infant of 9 months old raised in hospital
- Controlled observation: an investigation to determine the effects of certain stimuli - 2State the 6 stages of the procedure- Emotional Tests
- Session 1 : establishing a CR
- Session 2: testing the CR
- Session 3: Generalisation
- Session 4: Change of environment
- Session 5: the effect of time - 3Emotional tests (2)- Confronted with rat, rabbit, dog, monkey, haired mask etc. for the first time in his life
- Tested with a loud sound of striking a hammer on a suspended metal bar three times - 4Procedure: Session 1(2)- Albert is 11 months and 3 days old
- When Albert reached to the white rat, metal bar was struck - 5Procedure: Session 2 (2)After a week
At first, A was shown a white rat without the sound
And then joint stimulations for five times - 6Procedure: Session 3 (2)The question was 'can the learned link be generalized to other objects?'
A was presented with a rat, wooden block, Watson's hair etc - 7Procedure: Session 4 (2)Fear was freshened up using further joint stimulations
A was taken to a large lecture room with 4 people there - 8Procedure: Session 5After a month
Final test involved Santa mask, rat, dog, blocks, coat - 9Findings: Emotional test (3)- Showed no fear to the objects
- Mother and nurses reported he never cried
- When bar was struck, he started violently and at the third time cried - 10Findings: Session 1 (2)- Tested with a white rat, to which A showed
most positive response
- Jumped and feel forward when bar struck; whimpered at the second time - 11Findings: Session 2 (5)- Did not reach but just stared at the rat
- When rat nuzzled his hand, he withdrew it
- Played happily with blocks
-> Cautious response just to rat and general emotional state was normal
- Further joint stimulations: became more and more stressed; cried and crawled away - 12Findings: Session 3 (4)- No response to Watson's hair
- Same extreme response to rabbit
- Turned away his head and cried when fur coat and dog presented
- Played cautiously with the cotton wool - 13Findings: Session 4 (3)- Less extreme response, but after freshening up stronger CR
-Noticeably different reaction to blocks - happy and did not whimper
- Shows distinct learned R that persisted towards furry objects - 14Findings: Session 5Not as extreme as previous reaction, but still avoided the rat and whimpered
- 15Conclusions (4)- Fear can be learned through class con
- Just two joint stimulations were sufficient to create the CR and 5 more to bring complete reaction
- The learned link can be generalised to other objects
- It is probable that many phobias are acquired this way - 16Other conclusions (3)- Persistency of early CR would only be found in people who are 'constitutionally inferior'
- Freudian Position:
-> sucking thumb is explained as sexual pleasure seeking behaviour, but W found that it was to block fear
-> Equal importance of fear and love in the creation of CR that affect personality - 17Evaluation: Methodology and procedure (4)Controlled study:
- lab-like setting, so extraneous V controlled
- Pre-manipulation behaviour established: emotional test showed A wasn't fearful child
- Control condition: building blocks
- Filmed so findings can be confirmed that observed effects due to conditioning only - 18Evaluation: Methodology and procedure (3)Sample:
- Intended to do more ppts but cannot because dismissed from uni
- A was extremely phlegmatic, so if not results have been stronger and persisted longer
-> cannot compare and see if the results are unique to A or not - 19Alternative evidence- Had to 'freshen up': if only classical conditioning, may have disappeared?
-> No. Mowrer's Two Process model:
Fear established by classical con and maintained by operant con: by avoiding the object it reduces fear, which is negative reinforcement - 20Ethical issues and social implications (4)Risk of harm:
-> they had to remove his thumb for the response to be obtained
-> Mother removed him so could not be de-conditioned, so should have been fully informed
-> Long-lasting effect
-> 2014 - Life-long avoidance of animals - 21Ethical issues and social implications (2)Creating fear:
- W+R said this level of fear was normal, it was just A was protected in the hospital
- But aware that they were distressing him: "relatively little harm...", "not to disturb too seriously..." - 22Ethical issues and social implications (3)- Invalid consent
- Gave us a greater insight and inspired many psychologists
- Challenge on Freudian schools
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- AS - Level (Behaviourist Approach) Psychology Fichas sobre Little Albert (1920), creado por Field Jellyfish el 27/04/2016.
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