Fichas
WW1
Fichas del conjunto (21)
- 1Public Mood-Mood of patriotism
-Losses at Somme caused grief but determinacy to win remained
-Anti-government groups suspended protests e.g. Irish Nationalists and women
-Conscientious objectors e.g. anti-war socialists + Quakers - non-combat work offered and if refused could be jailed or sent to combat - 2Propaganda-Sir Charles Masterman headed War Propaganda Bureau
-Patriotic posters and anti-German 'Huns' posters
-Cinema division, Political Intelligence division, News division - 3Censorship-Soldiers' letters home were censored
-Newspapers left to censor themselves
-1917 - The Times acted as self-censors by stopping publishing casualty lists as too demoralising
-War Propaganda Bureau failed to censor war artists- realist portrayal
-Government had no control over trench humour e.g. satirical Wiper Times
-Also couldn't censor war poetry e.g. Wilfred Owen - 4War correspondents-Criticism of one-sided war office reports led to govt allowing war correspondents on the front (May 1915) against wishes of generals e.g. Haig
-Phillip Gibbs, Daily Chronicle
-Repington, The Times, launched shell scandal - Roosevelt wrote to tell govt not to allow it any more - 5Supply-British took almost as much hay and oats (5 mill tons) as they did ammunition
-1914 = 60% British food imported, so felt the strain by unrestricted U-boat warfare
-Large ship building programmes, minimum farm wages, 1917 womens' land army + compulsory rationing (Jan 1918) - 6Haig-Took charge from French (who was criticised after Battle of the Loos - reserves not committed promptly) as CinC until end of war
-Seen by some as insensitive and unimaginative - ordered more attacks, despite mounting casualties
-Was responsive to new ideas e.g. tanks and 100 Days Offensive seen to demonstrate his learning from mistakes - 7Leadership-Soldiers not as trained as generals might like - brave but largely volunteers, which meant they needed direct orders
-June 1916- 56 infantry divisions, only 2 commanders had previously commanded a corps
-Some generals e.g. Rawlinson + Palmer favoured less ambitious 'bite and hold' - 8Machine guns + RiflesMACHINE GUNS: Easy to use - had to feed ammunition into gun and sprayed 60 rounds a minute - sited in pairs in dugouts/pillboxes - British Lewis machine gun could be carried by on man, Vickers needed at least 3 gunners - worth 50 rifles - made cavalry obsolete + infantry attacks costly
RIFLES: 1914 = 15 rounds a min - shot rifles from trenches/cover - 9Artillery-Thought it could break stalemate: idea to destroy trenches/flatten barbed wire
-Howitzers to pulverise enemy trenches
-Heaviest mounted on railway wagons
-Flash-spotting + potter planes meant better accuracy - creeping barrage
-1st week July 1916 - British fired 1.5 mill artillery shells (deep dugouts survived) - 10Shells-Pre-1914 artillery guns fired time-fused high explosive (ineffective against barbed wire)
-British fuse 106 (1916) = sensitive percussion device which caused shells to explode sideways - more effective on barbed wire - widely available by 1917 (Arras) - improved artillery and ended shell shortage - 11Poison Gas-Chem weapons first used by Germans in Apr 1915 at Ypres - westerly winds = blown back at Germans
-June 1915 = first gas masks to allied troops
-Sept 1915 = French used gas for first time, British did at Loos
-Phosgene gas caused 80% gas casualties - however, gas only caused 8000 British deaths - 12Tanks-Value and impact lay in numbers
-Mark V tanks = target for German guns, but used properly could break through - impacted German morale
-First used Sept 1916 - Haig sent 49 tanks + only 3 got > mile from the start
-Battle of Cambrai (1917) = Haig used 400 tanks to gain 5 miles
-Combined with aircraft, led to increased mobility e.g. Battle of Amiens (1918) = allied tanks advanced 9 miles - 13Other weapons-HAND-TO-HAND COMBAT: Grenades = British Mills bomb + German stick grenade, bayonets, knives
-MORTARS: Small artillery weapons that lobbed small bombs, German Minenwerfer mortar, 1915 = British got own Stokes trench mortar
-FLAMETHROWERS: Tried by Germany (1915), not used widely, bulky, used gas to project burning liquid at enemy - 14French + British attack strategies-FRENCH: Policy was to attack (German trench lines on French soil seen as humiliation), 1916 = 'fire and move' tactics, required high level training + led to attacks on a narrow front
-BRITISH: 'wave and flow' (men leaving trenches in waves with artillery support, meaning steady advance) - 15The Somme1916
-Joint British/French offensive to relieve pressure at Verdun
-58,000 British casualties on first day - 420,000 overall + 194,000 French + 500,000n German
-Little ground gained by Nov 1916
-British attacks failed due to Germans being too well entrenched, insufficient big guns + 1 in 3 shells did not explode - 16Paschendale1917
BEFORE: Haig had superior armaments, Americans entered war in Apr 1917, French mutinies + Nivelle replaced by Petain, American Relief Committee Report suggested Germans exhausted/short on supplies
-Aim to secure key ports
-German artillery more effective than expected
-Heavy rain = transport nightmare e.g. Gough 5th Army bogged down
-Casualties at 250,000 on both sides for limited gains
-Loyd George sceptical of Haig's push back stats and desire to continue large-scale offensives - 171918 Battles-Ludendorff planned attack with 1.6 mill men + 16,000 guns to drive wedge in British front
-Haig working under Foch (allied supreme commander)
-July-Aug 1918 - 2nd Battle of the Maine, where French and US pushed back Germans
-Aug - Battle of Amiens, 500 tanks deployed in secret and RFC support - 18Hundred Days OffensiveAug-Nov 1918
-Full-scale allied advance
-Well equipped - 10,700 more guns + Howitzers in 1918
-Tech + prep: aerial reconnaissance, flash spotting + sound ranging - 95% German guns identified and hit
-Advanced miles each day, broke through line (British victory)
-Over a million casualties on either side - 19End of War-German Spring Offensive (1918) driven back - allied superiority in numbers + morale
-4th Oct = Germans abandoned Hindenburg line (defensive system) + began to withdraw
-11th Nov 1918 - cease fire, armistice - 20Entrenchment and building defensive systems-Von Schlieffen Plan aimed to defeat France in 6 weeks
-German advance faltered in Aug - starved of supplies
-Lack of intelligence - Germans didn't know British movements until week after arrival
-French underestimated Germans
-Mons = British switched to defensive + dug in
-'Race to the sea' ended in stalemate
-> Winter = both dug in defensively - 21Trenches-Trench building = 6 hours for 450 men to dig 250 yards
-Trench systems established 1914-15 with field kitchens, first-aid posts, casualty clearing stations, hospitals, command posts, ammunition dumps + phone lines
-Complex system, barbed wire, No Man's Land
-Men rotated through front-line, movements at night, French sent 800 trainloads reinforcements to Verdun in 3 weeks
-Trench raids, frontal assaults across No Man's Land
-Squalid conditions: mud, rain, lack of sanitation, trench foot (ordered to change socks 3 x a day), shell shock, rats and lice
-Close proximity to enemy - could observe, 1914 'Christmas truce', engineers dug tunnels to undermine enemy trenches
-Erratic communications - generals had to plan for every possible battle outcome, HQ had little idea on progress
Información
- Descripción
- AS - Level (Warfare ) History Fichas sobre WW1, creado por Amy Darch el 17/06/2017.
- Creado por
- Amy Darch · jun 2017
- Actualizado
- 6 abr 2018
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- 8
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