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Biol 101 chpt. 13
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- 1tRNA synthasea protein enzyme that binds a specific class of transfer RNA molecules and binds a specific kind of amino acid to the.
- 2ultrastructurebiological structures within a cell that are larger than polymeric molecules but too small to be seen with microscopes.
- 3Microfossilwithin sedimentary rock, fossils forms of prokaryotic cells that are detectable by microscopy.
- 4Direct panspermiaconcept that generative life-forms have been seeded on this ( or another) planet by the purposeful actions of intelligent beings.
- 5RNA worldprebiotic/probiotic cellular environment in which RNA molecules served both informational and catalytic roles.
- 6L and D formstwo nonidentical, mirror image forms of molecule built around an asymmetic central carbon atom.
- 7reducedan atom whose oxidation number has been decreased (by addition of an electron.
- 8methanean organic compound whose molecules are composed of one carbon atom covalently bonded to four hydrogen atoms; also a fuel for cooking.
- 9geothermal venta break in the deep ocean floor which superheated water emerges; the water often contains reduced inorganic compounds.
- 10abioticanything not living; usually referring to physical aspects of an ecosystem.
- 11Chronica condition of disease the recurs through time usually of less severity than a sudden, acute condition or disease.
- 12tip structurea morpholic region on the anterior region of some myccloplasmas; used to adhere to host cells and for motility.
- 13adhesina biomolecule; usually a protein on the surface region of a cell or structure that enables it to fix itself firmly to the surface of some other structure or host cell.
- 14degeneratein reference to a cell, a biological structure or individual organism whose supposed evolutionary ancestors were larger, more complex or more well adapted.
- 15parasitea microscopic organism living on or in another organism from which its gains nutrients and/or energy a the expense of the other organism.
- 16Host cella cell that supports the growth or reproduction of a virus, bacterium, or larger microbial form that has either entered or is in close association with it.
- 17Mycloplasmaa very small bacterium that lacks a cell wall; appears genetically related to genera Lactobacilllus and Clostidum much larger gram- positive bacteria having cell walls.
- 18extraceullulara structure or process that is found or takes place outside of a living cell.
- 19broth cultureusually an aqueos solution containing sufficent nutrients to allow for the growth or maintenance of a particular kind of microorganism or a collection of related microorganisms.
- 20Overlapin genetics a single sequence of DNA or RNA that contains information for two or more coding sequences or genes.
- 21Reading framesa way of commencing the transcribing of a DNA sequence; since a new sequence of mRNA is read in condons of three bases each, there are three possible starting points and three reading frames for the same sequence of bases
- 22Primary flight featherthose large feathers on the distal portions of the avian wing which supports flight
- 23Cover featherfeathers that cover over other feathers smoothing the contour of the body surface for more efficient air flow.
- 24vertebraeany animal that posses a dorsal, medial sequence of interarticulating bone segements; commonly referred to as a backbone.
- 25airfoila three deminsional shape designed to cause a desired response in a moving current of air, for example, an airplane wing
- 26keratinlight fibrous, sulfur containing proteins that contributing most of the structure of hair nails and feathers
- 27proximalin anatomy located close to the central, internal surfaces of a body.
- 28calamusthe rounded, proximal (lower) portion of the shaft of a feather usually containing no barbs.
- 29sheathin living systems a thin layer of cells or tissues or that which covers or protects an underlying structure.
- 30distalfar from; in anatomy characterizing structures that are far removed from the central, medial portion of a body or form.
- 31rachisin compound leaves or feathers, a central shaft that supports leaflets or barbs extending laterally from it surfaces
- 32barba branch that extends laterally from the rachis or shaft of a feather a shaft in its own right supports smaller extensions called barbules.
- 33barbulesmall keratinous extensions from the lateral surfaces of barbs; structures that impede the flow of air through a flight feather.
- 34Hooklet (barbicel)a small curled projection from a barbule surface that latches into the groove ridge on the surface of an adjacent barbule; hold the barbs of a feather into a closed planar structure.
- 35Preenin birds, the activity of drawing the bill along the space between feather barbs reestablishing hooklet and ridge attachments and thus the integrity of the feather surface.
- 36uropygial glandstructure in the base of the avian tail that secretes an oil used for preening and/or waterproofing the feathers.
- 37disulfide bonda covalent bond formed between two sulfur atoms that helps stabilize the secondary structure of protein molecule.
- 38plaquea localized thickened area or patch on surface such as the skin
- 39epidermisthe outermost external layer of cells within the skin many of the cells in this layer are already dead and soon to be sloughed off.
- 40dermalof referring to the deeper, vascularized layer of the skin containing cells that divide to maintain the integrity of the skin as a surface barrier.
- 41folliclethe skin derived structure that gives rise to the feathers.
- 42socket wallthe outer epidermal surface of an avian follicle that contains and guides the growth of an internal prefeather structure collar-- an inner epidermal surface within an avian follicle that divides off keratinocytes that form the body of a feather.
- 43pulpthat internal dermal layer of cells within the follicle that is nutritive of the keratinocytes forming the feather.
- 44planarreferring to a flat, nearly two deminsonial surface.
- 45topologicalreferring to the surface contour of a three deminsonal shape
- 46down feathera class of avian feathers that aid homethermic fowl to retain body heat.
- 47theistic evolutionthe concept that the history of life is a long sequence of selection events operating on a corresponding sequence of divinely chosen mutations in the genetic information.
- 48irreducible complexitya level of orderliness in a system whereby the removal of one component renders the rest of the system inoperable.
- 49neo- darwinian sythesisthe version of darwins theory in which Mendelian genes are the informational basis for the variations observed between members of a population
- 50antibiotica chemical from natural source or from a laboratory that limits the growth or kills microbes, mainly bacteria.
- 51mutagenicany process or substance that causes changes in informational molecules such as DNA or RNA
- 52natural selectionthat characteristic of the environment that favors the viability and reproductive activity of one individual in a population over another.
- 53selection pressureany force within the environment that reduces the reproductive potential of one variety of individuals in a species over another variety
- 54speciationthe formation of two new species from one by an isolating process that allows two populations of a species to become genetically distinct from each other to the point of intersterility.
- 55algorithima defined sequence of steps. Often repetitive; used to solve math problems.
- 56cyberneticsthe theoretical study of how highly automatic and inter-articulated systems are controlled.
- 57keelin avian anatomy, the central (medial) pronounced ridge on the sternal bone of the bird where powerful flight muscles attach
- 58sternumthe breastbone; a compound, ventral bone to which ribs and skeletal musculature are attached.