developmental psychology

developmental psychology

1. explanations of attachment

   • learning/behaviour theory
     • classical conditioning
     • operant conditioning
       • Dollard and Miller (1950)
   • what is an attachment?
     • emotional relationship between infants and caregiver
   • Harlow (1959) baby monkeys
   • Schaffer and Emerson (1964) studied 60 babies
   • Lorenz (1935) goose eggs 'critical period'
   • Bowlby's evolutionary theory (1951)

2. Types of attachment

   • secure attachment
   • insecure attachment
   • insecure-avoidant
   • insecure-resistant
   • '[strange situation'
     • Ainsworth et al (1978)
     • 12-18 months old infants observed in different scenarios
   • cross cultural studies
     • Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988)
       • meta-analysis of 32 studies in different countries
     • Takahashi (1990)
       • 60 year olds from m-class Japanese families

3. Disruption to attachment

   • seperation
     • protest
       • despair
         • detachment
   • deprivation
   • Robertson and Robertson (1968)
     • boy called John
     • support of the PDD model (protest, despair and detachment
   • long term maternal deprivation
     • Bowlby (1944)
     • Skeels and Dye (1939)
       • children can improve IQ scores within 2 years
         • if 1-1 help
     • Tizard and Hodges (1978)foreign-adopted by uk vs uk-uk
   • long term effects of sep
     • affectionless psychopathy
       • depression
         • deprivation dwarfism

4. failure to form attachments

   • what is privation?
     • never forming a bond
     • Curtiss (1977)-Genie
     • Koluchova (1976) -Czech twns
     • Rutter (1981) maternal privation=more serious than maternal deprivation
     • factors affecting effects of privation
       • age
       • quality of care during and after privation
       • social experiences later in life
       • long term effects of privation
         • poor social relations
         • dishonesty
         • involvement in crime
         • not giving or receiving affection
   • early institutional care
     • Hodges and Tizard (1989)
       • 65 children placed n nursery before 4 months old
         • again when they were 16

5. effects of day care of child development

   • Shea (1981)
     • studied peer interaction+ aggression
       • ay care caused children to be more sociable and less aggressive
   • Charke-Steward et al (1994)
     • peer relations and attachment
       • day care has a positive effect on the development of peer relations in 2-3 year olds.
   • Impacts of day care practices
     • good training staff
     • adequate space
     • appropriate toys/equipment
     • good ratio of staff to children
     • Vandell et al (1998)
       • children who had good quality day care were more likely to have friendly interactions with others compared to those receiving lower quality day care