Attachment

Attachment

1. Caregiver Infant interactions

   • Interactional synchrony - when infant and caregiver mirror gesture in time to sustain communication
     • Meltzoff & Moore
   • Reciprocity - two-way mutual process, involving turn taking to illicit a response from the other.
     • Brazelton et al

2. Role of the Father

   • Grossman (play)
   • Geiger (play)
   • Field (level of responsivness)
   • Lamb (level of responsivness
   • Evaluations
     • (+) Low population validity - Shaffer & Emerson, sample (working class) not represenative.
     • (-) Not objective - stereotypes cause unintentional observer bias, low int validity
     • (+) Practical Application - antenatal clasees, good quality of life, reduces costs.
     • (+) Longitudinal research - Grossman, no confounding variables
   • Shaffer & Emerson

3. Animal studies of attachment

4. Explanations of attachment

   • Learning Theory
     • Classical conditioning (association)
     • Operant conditioning
       • Learning wherer to repeat a behaviour based on the conseunce
     • Evaluation:
       • (-) Contradicted by Harlows monkey study - contact fomfort
       • (-) Reductionist - over simplistic ov complex attachment behaviours, includes only single factor (provision of food)
       • (+) Face Validity - feeding process suports, attention + resposiveness from caregiver
       • (+) Explanatory power - food may not be only reinforcer other things like attention + resposivness
   • Bowlby's Monotropic Theory
     • Evaluations
       • (-) Overlooks role of father - Implies role of father is unimportant, but grossman shows fathers role is in play
       • (-) Contradicted by learning theory - ignores nurture side of nature vs nurture debate i.e, reinforcements/association
       • (-) Evidence that monotropic theory isnt as common as bowlbys suggests - Shaffer & Emerson, 27% joint attachment, contradicts idea that babies form one attachment.
       • (+) Support continuity hypothesis & Internal working model

5. Types of Attachment

   • Ainsworths 'strange situation'
     • 100 Infants, controlled observation, two-way mirror, behviour catergories: safe base behaviour, serparation, stranger anxiety, reunion behaviour. 8 stages
       • Type B (SA) - 66%, Type A (IA) -22%, Type C (IR) - 12%
         • SECURELY ATTACHED - stays close to caregiver but is happy to explore, moderate stranger anxiety, feels somewhat distressed when stranger presnt, and is easily comforted when reunited
           • INSECURE AVIODANT - Is happy to explore and ignores caregiver, low stranger anxiety, isnt distressed when seperated, when reunited ignores and avoids caregiver
             • INSECURE RESISTANT - stays in physical contact with caregiver, doesnt explore, high levels of stranger anxiety, extremely distressed when seperated, and when reunited seeks physicsl contact but rejects attempt to comfort
       • 8 Stages:
     • Evaluation
       • (+) High reliability - Bick et al found 94% inter-rater reliability.
       • (-) Low ecological validity - under controlled conditions, unfamiliar environment, may not be representative.
       • (-) Ethical issues - involves seperating infant from mother in unfamiliar setting causing distress, breaching BPS guidelines, however doesnt affect validity of research.
       • (-) Focus on the mother as primary attachment figure - children act different depend on parent theyre with, not valid as only measures relationship with mother.

6. Cultural Variation

   • Van Lizendoorn - 32 studies in 8 countries, investigating types of attachment
     • Secure - high = GB, 75%, Low = China, 50%. Avoidant - high = West Germant, 35%. Resistant - high = Isreal, 29%
       • 18 of the 32 studies conducted in US
   • Takashi - replicated ainsworths 'strange situation' in Japan + chine.
     • There was greater insecure - resistant attachment types compared to western cultures,
       • Found that test of attachment types did not mean the same thing to japanese children as it did to original american children, Japanes never leave their child alone, incorrectlyh categorising them to insecure resisitant.
   • Evaluations
     • (+) Large sample size = high pop validity, sample of 1990 infants, increasing exernal validity and reduces biased methodology.
       • However it can be argiued theres small sample of each country, doesnt consider culture, religion

7. Bowlby's theory of Maternal Deprivation

   • 3 Important Strands:
     • 1) value of Maternal care = children need warm, intimate and continuous relationship with mum, o ensure continuing mental health, not just food + physical care.
     • 2) Critical Period -

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