History Terms

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Globalization

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Pacific Ocean World

The Pacific Ocean world was a world system created by polynesian societies as early as 3000BC. Ships were developed in this time to discover new islands and to do so explorer guilds were developed. These explorer guilds developed technology using sound waves to detect new islands. They would then colonize these islands, leaving plants and animals to develop until they would return later to settle on them. The Pacific Ocean World was important because it was an early example of a world system, and were some of the first people to colonize in the region.

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Local vs Global

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13th Century World System

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Silk Road

The Silk Road was a variety of routes spanning from Europe through Africa and Asia. The routes of the Silk Road are believed to have originated in the 1st Century CE and lasted for centuries afterwards. These routes were used by people across the Indian Ocean World for trade, communication, and travel. However, because the Silk Road spanned such a vast distance different areas were controlled by different people making travel dangerous and expensive, as people travelling would have to make deals with different leaders for passage and were subject to piracy along the route. This changed around the 1200s when the Mongolian Empire gained control of much of the silk road, making it safer and cheaper to travel. The Silk Road holds a great deal of historical significance because of its ability to transfer knowledge and goods across vast areas. This route was an early example of globalization as the world could become more connected.

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Pax Mongolica

Pax Mongolica refers to the peace brought by Mongols to conquered areas and most importantly the Silk Road. The Mongols, a nomadic tribe originating from Central Asia, were able to gain control of a large portion of the Indian Ocean World in the 13th century. With the Mongolian Empire expanding across Asia and Europe they were able to bring peace to the Silk Road. Before Mongolian control of the routes of the Silk Road, travelling was dangerous and expensive as no one leader controlled the route and travelers would have to navigate relations with a variety of leaders and faced pirates. However, with the expansion of the Mongol Empire came increased control over the Silk Road, now one leader controlled the area making it cheaper and safer to travel. This development holds great significance because travelling was now easier allowing for greater communication and trade between regions along the Silk Road. It also allowed for travelers such as Marco Polo to explore new areas and increase local knowledge of the global.

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Mobility

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Mongol Hybridization and Appropriation

The Mongols were a nomad tribe originating from Central Asia. In the 13th Century the Mongols began to conquer vast areas of land across Asia and Europe. However, what was special the Mongols was the ways in which they allowed for hybridization. Conquered lands were able to keep some of their own culture, while adopting some Mongolian aspects. Most importantly, conquered territories were able to keep their religion as the Mongolian empire had no central religion. However, the Mongols also adopted cultural aspects of their conquered territories. Specifically in China, the Mongolians adopted much of their governing methods. This method of conquering peoples while still allowing them to hold onto local culture may have aided the Mongols in keeping control over their territory.

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Blue and White Porcelain

Blue and white porcelain is a form of pottery that has been produced in China for centuries. However, its great significance developed with the Indian Ocean world system around the 13th century. The Chinese were able to import cobalt from Iran with access to the Indian Ocean world and were able to produce vibrant blue and white porcelain. Chinese potters began to mass produce the porcelain for export to the Indian Ocean World and demand continued to grow especially in the Islamic World. The Islamic world began to assign cultural significance to the blue and white porcelain. It became a large part of not only architecture but religion in the Islamic World. This commodity is significant because the ways in which it symbolizes transregional developments in the 13th century. Access to the Indian Ocean World allowed for local Chinese potters to import cobalt from Iran. The resulting blue and white porcelain would then be exported to the Islamic world where it became a culturally significant symbol.

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Black Death

The Black Death was a plague occurring in the 14th century. The plague spread over vast areas but mainly impacted cities, ports, and areas where Mongols traveled. Millions of people were exposed to this plague and it resulted in a large percentage of the population of the time dying. The results of the black death were worsened by increasing movement into cities that was occurring since the 13th century across Afro Eurasia as more people were exposed to the sickness. The mass population loss would result in labour shortages for over a century after the black death and would cause political and religious unrest, as people began to question how such a thing could happen. The Black Death was significant for two main reasons. It signified the impacts of growing urbanization and globalization, as connectiveness between areas spread the disease and large cities allowed for a high death count. It also had lasting impacts because of its death toll, labour shortages and political and religious unrest would continue to impact affected areas for a long period after the plague.

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Indian Ocean World

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Dhows

Dhows were ships made specifically fro trade on the Indian Ocean from about the 13th century. These ships were used by Indian Ocean merchants to hop between islands collecting a variety of goods. The ships were not made to carry large quantities and were rarely armed. These features signified many unique aspects of the Indian Ocean world at the time. Since this system had no center the ships had to hop in between cities to get a variety of goods. Additionally since the Indian Ocean world operated with networks of trust there was little need seen for the ships to be armed. Since most merchants and people living in the ports were of the same religion it was assumed to be safe. These ships were significant because they enabled trade between the Indian Ocean world as well as signified many of the important aspects of this world system such as networks of trust and a variety of powerful cities.

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Networks of Trust

Networks of trust were ways of merchants gaining connections in port cities of the Indian Ocean world. Since around the 13th century, religion worked as a means of connecting merchants and locals from the port cities they visited. Islam ended up playing an important role in the Indian Ocean world for this reason. Because there was no center for this world system it was necessary for merchants to have connections in a wide variety of cities, which presented a logistical problem. Instead networks of trust were developed due to shared religion. Muslim traders were able to visit Muslim cities and be accepted because of their shared ideals. Networks of trust were important because they allowed a world system with no clear center to exist, by unifying a variety of people through shared ideals such as Islam. It also played an important role in spreading Islam, as merchants saw it beneficial to became Muslim to join these networks.

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Vijayanagara and Mughals

The Vijayanagara and the Mughals were Indian rulers. The Vijayanagara ran India from about 1200-1400 and participated widely in the Indian Ocean world, bringing in a variety of goods into India. They were also seen as an uniquely Hindu empire, something that still holds significance in modern Hinduism. The Mughals ruled from 1400-1800and continued to be involved in the world system of the time, bringing in many goods.

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Cinnamon

Cinnamon played an important role in history from about 1500 to the 1700s. Cinnamon was produced solely on the island of Sri Lanka controlled by the king of Kandy. However, with growing global demand for cinnamon, as a medicinal and cooking ingredient, European powers looked to gain a foothold in the cinnamon trade. The Portuguese first did this in the 16th century and agreed to pay the king of Kandy for some control over the cinnamon trade. The Portuguese continued to use local workers, however, they imposed strict quotas and made many labourers work for free. However, the Dutch in the 18th century decided to seek control of this monopoly. They slowly gained complete control and transformed the cinnamon industry in Sri Lanka beyond recognition. The importance of cinnamon lies in this transformation. The local product of cinnamon was produced by locals and sold by locals for decades, however, global demand caused local changes first by introducing the Portuguese and then by introducing the Dutch. The Dutch would stop using local labour all together and instead shipped in African slaves and changed the cinnamon industry to a plantation system.

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Dar al-Islam

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Ibn Battutah

Ibn Battutah was a traveler of the Islamic World around 1300 CE. He wrote about his travels through the Islamic world, telling the tales of Islam through a Muslim perspective. He attempted to write an objective history and is considered by many to be the founder of sociology.

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Ibn Khaldun

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Gunpowder Empires

Gunpowder empires were unique structures from the 1400s onwards. The most significant gunpowder empire was that of the Ottomans. These empires acquired large am

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Sultanate of Aceh

The Sultanate of Aceh were a civilization on the tip of Sumatra during the 16th and 17th centuries. They were a Muslim civilization but were unique in many ways while still maintaining relationships with the Ottoman Empire. The main way in which the Sultanate of Aceh differed from the Islam seen in the Ottoman empire was its matriarchal system of inheritance, something that would be unheard of in the Ottoman Empire. Additionally the Sultanate were unique in their ability to hold off European control. European countries could only do business in the region if they respected local culture and the Sultanate of Aceh played European competitors against each other. The main significance of the Sultanate of Aceh was the representation of hybridization. Despite being an Islamic country they adopted their own ways, such as their matriarchal structure, pushing back against the global nature of Islam.

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Crusades

The Crusades began in the 11th century and continued into the 13th century. They were an effort by European Christians to retake the holy lands from Islam. The effort was unsuccessful, however, they set the stage for a new dichotomy of history, the east versus the west. The Europeans developed an identity as the West during the Crusades and also used them to spread Christianity. It also resulted in the development of an Eastern identity, and increased the power of the gunpowder empire of the Ottomans. The Crusades also were important because of the knowledge gained throughout them. Mapping systems improved, and Europeans gained access to ancient Greek texts that would inspire future events such as the Renaissance

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Orientalism

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Caravels

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Silver

Silver began to have a great amount of importance in the 16th century following European arrival in the New World. The commodity would then become the major currency of most of the Indian Ocean World and would increase the power of Europeans, specifically the Spanish exponentially. One place this can be seen succinctly is in China. China adopted silver as their major currency, in order to do trade one must have had silver, and citizens needed silver to pay their taxes. This increased Chinese demand for silver greatly and resulted in great dependence on the new World. In an effort to circumvent this power the Ming dynasty increased relations with Japan, another producer of silver. This increased Japanese power and increased tensions in East Asia as China became dependent.

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East India Companies and their Armies

The British East India Company gained military power in India and eventually control over the entire country during the 18th century. In order to get a foothold in Indian Ocean trade the British allowed the British East India company to develop in India. They set up factories in the region resulting in large profits that would be reinvested into creating their own army. The army grew powerful, and was occasionally rented out by locals for regional conflicts. However, the power of the British East India Company army grew to the point where they were eventually to take control over India. These armies were significant because they not only gave Britain access to the Indian Ocean world of trade but also resulted in them gaining control over India, something which would play a great role in the development of the empire.

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Opium

Opium has historically been grown in regions of India . When the British gained control over the region with their British East India Company in the 1700s they also gained control over the opium trade. They began to import large quantities of opium into China, which eventually caused social degradation in the region. The Chinese banned the trade but the British continued to smuggle the substance. This conflict would result in the Opium Wars of the mid 1800s. Opium is significant as a symbol of transregional developments during the period. The global event of the British gaining control over India would end up impacting the local social conditions of China eventually leading to a war between the two nations.

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Records of the Grand Historian

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Civil Service Exam

The Civil Service Exam was used by the Ming Empire from the 1300s. In order to bring new people into the Chinese civil service an examination process was undertaken. An extensive exam that took numerous hours to write was introduced to get rid of nepotism claims. Chinese civilans hoping ot improve their families' status would study for this extensive exam, creating an industry for preparing for the exam and increasing literacy in China. The civil service exam was important because it increased literacy in China, but also because it allowed to Ming government to disseminate cannon knowledge to the people, as they would have to recite the Ming's version of the story to pass the exam. It was also important because it was to be written in classical Chinese, making the language powerful all throughout East Asia.

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Single Whip Law

The single whip law was introduced by the Ming dynasty of China in the last 1500s. This law required all taxes be paid at once using silver. This increased Chinese demand for silver, increasing business for the Spanish and the development of the production of silver in Japan. This marked the increase of Japanese power and was important for this reason.

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Macau

Macau is a region in southern China that played a role in European history in the region. In the 1500s the Portuguese wanted to gain a foothold in the Indian Ocean world and do to this they made a deal with the Ming dynasty. In exchange for payment the Portuguese were allowed to set up a settlement in Macau. However, the Portuguese stay subordinate to China in this relationship because of this payment.

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Matteo Ricci

Matteo Ricci was an Italian missionary that traveled to China in the late 1500s. He hoped to convert Chinese locals to Christianity when he arrived but instead exposed the Chinese to European knowledge. Matteo Ricci attempted to assimilate to Chinese culture by adopting local habits such as their dress in order to get the Chinese to convert. However, locals were less interested in his missionary work and more interested in the scientific knowledge coming from Europe, such as the theories of Galileo. Matteo Ricci was significant because he exposed the Chinese to this knowledge but also because missionary trips like his were growing unpopular in China. The Ming dynasty disliked the practice and would eventually ban Catholicism.

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Tokugawa Shogunate

The Tokugawa Shogunate were samurai rulers of Japan from the 1600s to the 1800s. They changed Japanese society from one subordinate to China to an expanding empire. They invaded Korea and hoped to gain territory in China as well. Additionally, the Tokugawa were suspicious of outside influences and began to build up the idea of "Japaneseness" and expelled outside influences. They were important because of the changing relationship with China as well as growing isolationism seen in Japan.

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Tobacco

Tobacco was an important part of Chinese culture from the 1500s, during the Ming dynasty. Merchants smoked the New World substance to relax but eventually the habit spread through all of Chinese society, eventually even reaching the upper classes. Tobacco smoking began to be seen as a "Chinese" activity. Tobacco was important because it showed how the global development of new world products was influencing local cultures. An important part of Chinese culture began to require a commodity from abroad.

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Industrial Revolution

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Global Consumer Revolution

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Kimchi

Kimchi is a Korean cuisine that holds great historical significance. While the cuisine has been around for centuries it underwent a major change in the 1500s with the introduction of the red chili pepper. While there is debate over who introduced the pepper to Korea, the impact of the pepper on social structures in Korea is clear. Kimchi recipes vary between families and often denote class status, after the introduction of the pepper in the 1500s it began to be seen as a symbol of the upper class. In this way kimchi shows a transregional development. The local cuisine of kimchi was influenced by a global development that resulted in the chili pepper being brought to Korean and eventually completely changed the cuisine and social structures that surround it.

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Coffee Houses

Coffee houses grew to popularity in the Ottoman Empire after coffee began to be imported from the new world in the 15th century. These were places where local Ottoman people could meet to discuss politics, religion, and their home life. However, the Ottoman rulers viewed coffee houses as a breeding ground for potential dissent and worked to outlaw them and give coffee a negative rap. However, they were unable to stop the coffee houses from spreading. This is evidence of how a global development, of coffee being brought into world markets from the new world, influenced the local in the Ottoman empire, as new social structures were built and increased government attempts to control the new commodity failed.

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Proto Industrial World

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Cotton Textile Trade

The Cotton textile trade developed in Britain in the 1700s. Following the exposure of the British public to Indian calicoes an effort to replicate the textiles was undertaken. While the British could not match the Indian quality they were able to mass produce cotton textiles cheaply using new industrial technology. These textiles were sold worldwide, but most importantly in India were they flooded the market and worked to destroy their textile industry. This shows how the global development of Indian calicoes being brought into Europe, and increasing industrialization influenced the local deindustrialization of India and the loss of their textile industry.

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Factory System

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Socialism, Marxism, and proletariat movements

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Military Industrial Complex

The military industrial complex began in the late 19th century. After failing in a war with France, the Prussians felt they needed to industrialize their military. Large amounts of money were placed into the military. The result was a powerful Prussia who would eventually unite into Germany. This was significant because it marked Germany as a growing world power, something that would be important during the first and second world war. Additionally, the new heavily industrialized style of their military would become the norm, as any country hoping to defend themselves would need to be industrialized.

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Meiji Restoration

In the mid 19th century, Japan, a country that had once shut out outside influences opened its borders up to the West. The United States forced this process using gun boat diplomacy, but were effective in getting access to Japan. The Meiji Restoration refers to this opening up of Japan that resulted in outside influences coming into Japan. These influences would change much of Japanese culture, as Western ideals were adapted into Japanese life. However, Japan still held onto their own culture, only taking on parts of Western culture they felt most beneficial. This event was significant because it marked the opening up of Japan, and their eventual spot as a world power with an expanding empire, something that would hold much significance in the 20th century. Additionally, it shows cultural hybridity as they adapted Western culture with a Japanese twist.

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Russian And American Emancipation

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Industrial Revolution and Slavery in Africa

After the abolition of slavery worldwide in the mid 19th century, African economies lost a profitable industry. Countries across Africa needed to find alternative industry and many of them turned to cash cropping, or the colonial economy. This is significant

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2nd Industrial and Consumer Revolutions

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1st Great Depression

In the late 19th century with ever increasing global production there came to be a problem of not enough consumers. This problem eventually would lead to a global depression, along with uncertainty over the fate of the Suez Canal. This event would be significant as it would shake the faith of people in capitalism, paving the way for the socialist and communist revolutions seen in the 20th century.

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Suez Canal

The Suez Canal was a waterway passage that would allow Europe and Asia to be more easily connected for trade purposes. The canal was to be built in Egypt, and was initially funded by the French in the late 19th century. However, with a fall in the Egyptian cotton trade, caused by a post civil war America re-entering the market, Egypt looked for additional funding. Britain, who feared potentially losing access to the canal flooded money into the project. The result was mass uncertainty worldwide over the future of trade in the region, which would eventually lead to a global depression. Additionally, tensions started in this period would mark a period of battling powers that would eventually result in the first world war.

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Nationalism 1900s

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Liang Qichao

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Jamal al-Din al-Afghani

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Theodor Herzi

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Dadabhai Naoroji

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Magnificent African Cake

Magnificent African cake was a term coined by Leopold II at the Berlin conference in the late 1800s. The term referred to Africa as a cake to be cut up for Europe. This term was important because it signified the way European powers viewed Africa, as a continent for them to split at their own accord. It would mark the fate of Africa for much of the 20th century, as European powers used their colonies in the continent to extract wealth for their own empire building.

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Migrant Labour

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Rubber

Rubber was a major commodity produced in Africa during the colonial period. From about the late 1800s well into the 20th century, the Belgians took control over the Congo, a major source of rubber. Rubber was needed in the industrializing world for production purposes and this high demand made this commodity valuable to the Belgians. In order to capitalize on the growing global demand for rubber, Congolese men were made to work in rubber plantations in horrid brutalized conditions. Rubber was significant in world history because the global industrializing effort resulted in the brutalization of local people in Congo.

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Afrikaans

Afrikaans was a hybrid language created by Dutch African settlers in the colonial period. The language had elements of European languages, African languages, and Indian languages showing a wide array of cultural hybridity at the time.

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Global Causes of the Great War

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Global Dimensions of the Great War

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The Wilsonian Moment

The Wilsonian moment refers to the power held by the US and its president Woodrow Wilson during the Paris peace treaty of 1919-20. With the help of the US helping end the war and the mass amount of funding necessary to reconstruct Europe after the war, the US had a large amount of power. US banks gave out numerous loans to European nations which would eventually play a role in the Great Depression. Because of this power held by the US they could make a variety of demands. The most important of the demands was the right of self determination, which esentially would require European powers to stop expanding their empire.

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Racial Equality Clause

The racial equality clause was a demand of the Japanese during the Paris peace conference of 1919-20. With increasing persecution of Japanese immigrants in allied countries, particularly the United States, Japan hoped to have all nations sign an agreement recognizing that racism is wrong and will not be tolerated. However, the United States as a nation with remarkable power at the conference refused to sign it and threatened to take away their funding if it were passed. This clause was important because it showed the immense power the United States had post WW1 and also set the stage for tensions between Japan and the US that will come to fruition in WW2.

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Mandates

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Amritsar Massacre

The Amritsar Massacre occured shortly after WW1 in the Punjab region of India. During a peaceful gathering of Sikhs, British paranoia of uprising peaked and resulted in the British firing on the crowd. Hundreds of peaceful religious observers died in the massacre. This event would hold great significance in the coming independence movement in India as it acted to radicalize leaders who would no longer see a peaceful solution as possible.

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Interwar Media

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2nd Great Depression

The Great Depression of 1929 was a global event that ended up in economic crises all over the planet impact millions of people. The Great Depression was influenced by the restoration of Europe post WW1. The United States was giving out a great deal of loans to fund this restoration, but eventually their economy could no longer support this quantity of loans. They stopped giving out loans to European nations who came to depend on them and started calling in some of the loans. The result was a global economic collapse. This event was incredibly important as it showed the global nature of the economy at this point in history, as a local economic crisis in the United States ended up impacted numerous nations.

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Interwar Anti-globalization Politics

Between the world wars of the 20th century nationalist and anti globalization movements began to spread. These movements were not limited to any one place but may have been most significant in their future impact in Germany, Italy, and Japan whose future nationalist governments would spark WW2. Movements started to work against multinational corporations who outsourced their business and slogans such as buy local began to spread. This growing nationalism was important because of the nationalist governments it would create in the 1920s and 30s.

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Japanese Economic Miracle

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Korean War

The Korean War occurred in the 1950s and was a hot spot of the cold war. The war was between communist North Korea, supported by the Soviets and China, and South Korea, supported by the United States. Both North and South Korea wanted to unite into one country, but the cold war powers wanted to ensure that the unified country was on their side. The war eventually reached a stalemate with the country splitting on the 38th parallel. This war was important because it was an example of the hot part of the cold war. Additionally the 38th parallel is still around today and tensions between the two nations remain high.

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Vietnam War

The Vietnam War was another hot spot of the cold war occurring in between the 1950s-60s. The north part of Vietnam was communist and supported by the Soviets and Chinese, while the southern part was capitalist and supported by the US. The United States deployed a great deal of troops, eventually requiring conscription which would cause turmoil at home as support for the war fell, as well as developed chemical agents which would work to lower support for the US among Vietnamese civilans. However, after many deaths and a great deal of expenses the US would eventually be forced to leave the region. This war was important because of the local backlash occuring in the States because of the global war, as well as the symbollic failure of capitalism in the East.

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Domestic Containment

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Lavender Scare

The Lavender Scare was a effort undertaken by US and Canadian officials at the height of the Cold War between the 1950s and 70s. At the time homosexuals were considered deviant, and therefore potentially defectors to communism. This caused a great deal of paranoia in official realms and eventually resulted in mass efforts to find homosexuals in first world nations. This event was important because it showed the impacts of domestic containment during the cold war as well as growing distaste for homosexuality linked to communism.

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Voice of Women

The Voice of Women was an organization during the cold war in Canada for women who were against nuclear war and supported pacifism

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Liberal and Radical Feminism

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Nation of Islam

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Frantz Fanon and Post Colonialism

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Cold War Frame

The cold war frame was a dichotomy that dominated global relations during the period between 1945 and the 1990s. This period was dominated by relations between the first world, capitalist United States, and the second world, communist Soviet Union and China. During this time the cold war frame influenced global relations as each world attempted to get more nations to follow their ideology and therefore funded massive international aid projects for this reason. The cold war frame was therefore largely important because it influenced most of history during this time, from propping up nations to get them to follow an ideology, to wars between the two worlds in the East.

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Second World Problems

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Bandung Conference

The Bandung Conference was held in Indonesia in 1955. The conference brought together a variety of third world countries, or countries who were neither capitalist or communist, such as Indonesia, India, Ghana, and Egypt. These nations attempted to craft a "third way" different from the first or second world. However, the attempt failed as the nations fought for dominance of this third world. This conference was important because it was a moment of hope for the third world, to grow in power and influence. Additionally it showed that not all nations were willing to subscribe to the cold war frame.

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Soviet Economy

The Soviet economy was marked by low argicultural output from the time of Stalin until the end of the Soviet Union. Stalin, who rose to power in 1920s and remained there into the 1950s attempted to collectivize farms, forcing people off lands, in order to increase production. This failed however, and resulted in mass food shortages. Stalin was successful, however, in increasing industrial output at this time despite the failure of collectivization. When Kruschev came to power in the 1950s, he began to move the soviet economy more towards consumerism to improve the lives of the people but the problem of food shortages remained. With Brezchnev coming to power in the latter part of the Soviet Union he continued to struggle with a lack of food, but instead sought out international relations to meet this need. The failure of the soviet union to provide enough agricultural output would plague their rule from the 1920s to their fall. This was important because it would eventually lead to the Soviet Union falling as they no longer had enough power.

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1973 Oil Crisis

The 1973 oil crisis originated with a conflict between Israel and Jordan, Syria, and Egypt in the 1970s. The US attempted to prop up Israel during this conflict but would end up offending the oil producing nations of Jordan, Syria, and Egypt. The result would be an oil embargo of the US, leading to a recession in the US economy. The soviet union was able to gain power during this period by selling oil. This oil crisis was important because it showed growing global dependence, as the US economy suffered greatly due to bad international relations, but also provided the Soviet Union with income to strengthen them through the 1970s.

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Global Che

Global Che was a movement sparked by Che Guevera and the Cuban Revolution of the 1950s and 60s. After the Cuban Revolution Guevera and Fidel Castro traveled much of the world searching for the best route for their new nation. They settled on communism, but remained at some distance from the Soviet Union. But the United States worried about a communist country so close to their borders and decided to place an embargo on the nation. At the same time Guevera and Castro were determined to move along the global communist revolution, and worked to with other nations in their revolution. Che traveled to the Congo to help theirs along, however, the Congolese felt he was too much of a target with the United States and sent him back. Guevara was killed in Bolivia not too long after. However, his image lived on as the incarnation of the new left, a movement of socialism that grew in popularity amongst the baby boomers. Global Che was important because of his lasting impact on the new left movement.

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Post Cold War Disintegration

After the cold war ended in the 1990s many nations were left to pick up the pieces of cold war efforts by both the first and second world. Two of the most influential dintegrations occurred in the Middle East and South Africa. In South Africa the apartheid regime had been held up in order to keep power out of the hands of potential communists by the first world. However, with the cold war over the first world no longer had the rationale to hold up the apartheid regime and it fell. Meanwhile in the Middle East, the first world had propped up religious extremists groups based on the belief that religion was anti communist. However, after the war ended these groups such as the Taliban remained and eventually became radically. These post cold war disintegrations were important for multiple reasons. The fall of the cold war moved along racial justice in South Africa changing the trajectory of this nation and the aftermath of Cold War relationships in the Middle East resulted in radical groups such as the Taliban who have shaped modern history.

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Global South

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Digital Revolution

The digital revolution was a massive change in human life occurring between the 1950 and 70s. Society had been introduced to new technologies which would change the way live is lived worldwide. The digital revolution has resulted in changes such as increased connectivity, which allows for more global connections, and a platform for organizaiton, which played a key role in the Arab Spring of the early 2010's. However, the digital revolution has also had some negative impacts on modern history, such as increasing surveillance of people, which leads to questions of modern liberty in a digital world, and a new social divide between those who can afford technology and those who cannot. The digital revolution has been important because of the massive changes it sparked, both positive and negative.

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Post Humanism