ENGLISH_1

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Completely new words:

COINAGE

Words from other languages:

BORROWING

Americanisms, Prince (French), Lager (German), Alcohol(Arabic).

Words formed from existing words:

AFFIXING

This involves adding prefixes or suffixes to existing words to form new words.

COMPOUNDING

When words are combined to form new words: blackbird or laptop

BLENDING

Only parts of words are joined together: smog or motel

Words formed by shortening:

ABBREVIATION

BACK FORMATION

ACRONYMS

INITIALISMS

WORDS FROM NAMES

Losing words from the lexicon

ARCHAISMS

enouw - enough, forsooth - in truth, bark - ship.

SEMANTIC CHANGE

BROADENING

A word retains its old meanings, but takes on new meanings as well.

NARROWING

A word becomes more specific in its meaning.

AMELIORATION

When the meaning of a word becomes more pleasant or positive.

PEJORATION

When the meaning of a word becomes less favorable.

WEAKENING

A word loses force over time

IDIOMS

Formed from previously existing words

EUPHEMISMS

A mild / inoffensive way way of describing something.

INFLECTIONS

VERB inflections usually indicate tense, person or number.

NOUN inflections usually show number or gender.

ADJECTIVE inflections are used for comparatives and superlatives, as in fast, faster, fastest.

WORD ORDER

In comparison to modern English, the expression of meaning was less dependent on word order. As a result, word order showed more variation.

NEGATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS

Today, multiple negatives are considered incorrect grammar. In the late 19th Century 'not' was added at the end of positive sentences to create irony.

VERB TENSES

PAST

PRESENT

FUTURE

SIMPLE

CONTINUOUS

PERFECT

PERFECT CONTINUOUS

AUXILIARY VERBS

Auxiliary verbs are helping verbs:

To be, To have, To do

They go in front of main verbs to:

Help create tenses

Form questions

Form negatives

Add emphasis

Lexical Change

Semantic change

Grammatical Change

Verbs