Fichas
attachment
Fichas del conjunto (25)
- 1the strange situation(1) Mother, baby and experimenter (lasts less than one minute).
(2) Mother and baby alone.
(3) Stranger joins mother and infant.
(4) Mother leaves baby and stranger alone.
(5) Mother returns and stranger leaves.
(6) Mother leaves; infant left completely alone.
(7) Stranger returns.
(8) Mother returns and stranger leaves. - 2the strange situation a02+ good reliability- a study conducted in Germany found 78% of the children were classified in the same way at ages 1 and 6 years (Wartner et al. 1994).
- Lamb et al. (1985) have criticized it for being highly artificial and therefore lacking ecological validity. The child is placed in a strange and artificial environment.
- The child may have a different type of attachment to the father or grandmother, for example (Lamb, 1977). This means that it lacks validity
- demand caharcteristics
-childs mood - 3schaffer and emerson (a02)studied 60 babies at monthly intervals for the first 18 months of life
After 9 months - Multiple attachments. The baby becomes increasingly independent and forms several attachments - 4attachment learning theory: classical conditioningfood (ucs) = pleasure (ucr)
food (ucs) + PCG (ns) = pleasure (ucr)
PCG (ns) = pleasure (cr) attachment formed - 5attachment learning theory: operant conditioningwhen a baby cries, it creates discomfort for the PCG
PCG comforts and feeds the baby which stops the crying
PCG negatively reinforced
baby is positively reinforced because if they cry again they will receive comfort - 6against: schaffer and emerson 196439% of babies werent attached to the person who did the physical care e.g feeding/changing but were with the person who provided sensitive care and played wit them
- 7against: Harlow 1959infant monkeys spent 22/24 hours a day with the cloth mother who provided comfort rather than the wire mother who provided food
- 8against: Lorenz' Gosling'sbiological rather than learned behaviour, gosling's formed an attachment with the first thing they saw moving (lorenz) (imprinting)
- 9cultural variations in attachment...
- 10Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg (1988)using a meta analysis (32 studies in 8 different countries) It was found that secure attachment was the most common type of attachment in all cultures. The lowest percentage of secure attachments was shown in China, and the highest in Great Britain.
- 11Grossmann et al (1985)The German study highlights a high percentage of avoidant behavior
German parents seek ‘independent, non-clingy infants, who do not make demands on parents, but obey their commands.’ - 12children in Kibbutz van ijzebdoorn and kroonenberg (1988)-Israeli children were reared in a Kibbutz (communal living) so were used to being separated from their mother.
-As a result they do not show anxiety when their mother leaves. However, they are not used to strangers so get distressed when left alone with the stranger. This explains the high percentage of resistant behavior. - 13malin 1997 aboriginal studyvery clingy, type c (insecure resistant) this is because of the dangers that lie in aboriginal deserts and children probably told not to explore
- 14ainsworth uganda 1967did a 2 year study in Uganda in 1954
found that some mothers were more sensitive to infants needs( more securely attached) - 15robertson & bowlby 1952 pdd model1.Protest: The child cries, screams and protests angrily when the parent leaves
2.Despair: The child’s protesting begins to stop and they appear to be calmer although still upset.
3.Detachment: If separation continues the child will start to engage with other people again. - 16bowlbys attachment theory.
- 17the continuity hypothesisattachment will be the same as the attchment with PCG in future relationships
- 18social releasersbaby cries to seek comfort food from mother
laughing also
behaviours are innate - 19adaptive/innatechange to own environment to improve chance of survival
- 20sensitive periodbeyond 2 1/2 years, more sensitive care but can form attachment after 2 1/2
if you don't have an attachment in sensitive or critical + no monotropy - 21monotropyinfants need one special attachment relationship (very special)
- 22secure baseuse your PCG for a secure blanket
- 23internal working modelbeliefs and expectations of relationships
- 24critical periodmust form an attachment from 0-2 1/2 years or no attachment
- 25a02 for bowlbys attachment theory+ lorenz goslings: not learned, innate, needed to survive (imprinting) but low ecological validity because its birds not human
+ harlows monkeys: secure base and monotropy
- rutters romanian orhans: if adopted before 6 months, attachment, if after, no attachment, goes against critical period
+hazan and shaver 1987 supports continuity hypothesis, newspaper study, questionnaire, about peoples childhood and romantic r ship, found high correlation between between childhood attachments and adult romantic styles
Información
- Descripción
- psychology 1 Fichas sobre attachment , creado por 09vvishka el 23/03/2015.
- Creado por
- 09vvishka
- Visitas
- 2
- Valoración