Flashcards
Psychology: Attachment
Cards in this deck (38)
- 1STAGES OF ATTACHMENT: Multiple attachmentsHaving more than one attachment figure
- 2STAGES OF ATTACHMENT: Primary attachment figureThe person who has formed the closest bond with the child
- 3STAGES OF ATTACHMENT: Separation anxietyThe distress shown by an infant when separated from his/her caregiver. This is not necessarily the child's biological mother.
- 4STAGES OF ATTACHMENT: Stranger anxietyThe distress shown by an infant when approached or picked up by someone who is unfamiliar.
- 5ANIMAL STUDIES: ImprintingAn innate readiness to develop a strong bond with the mother which takes place during a specific time in development, probably the first few hours after birth.
- 6AttachmentIs an emotional bond between two people. It is a two-way process that endures over time. It leads to certain behaviours such as clinging and proximity-seeking, and serves the function of protecting an infant.
- 7CAREGIVER-INFANT INTERACTIONS: CaregiverAny person who is providing for a child, such as a parent, grandparent, sibling...etc
- 8CAREGIVER-INFANT INTERACTIONS: Interactional synchronyWhen two people interact they tend to mirror what the other is doing in terms of their facial and body movements. This includes imitating emotion as well as behaviours.
- 9CAREGIVER-INFANT INTERACTIONS: ReciprocityResponding to the action of another with a similar action, where the actions of one partner elicit a response from the other partner.
- 10STAGES OF ATTACHMENT: Describe the stages of development in the 1960's landmark study on attachments by Rudolph Schaffer and Peggy Emerson.STAGE 1: INDISCRIMINATE ATTACHMENTS
STAGE 2: THE BEGINNINGS OF ATTACHMENT
STAGE 3: DISCRIMINATE ATTACHMENT
STAGE 4: MULTIPLE ATTACHMENTS - 11Gründl, M (2007)Causes and consequences of Human facial attractiveness.
Only 9.5% rated the 100% adult face as being most attractive. Most participants preferred 10-50% childlike proportions of female faces - 12CAREGIVER-INFANT INTERACTIONS: Jaffe, J. , Stern, D. and Perry, J. (1973)'Conversational' coupling of gaze behaviour in prelinguistic human behaviour.
(infants coordinated their actions with their caregivers - RECIPROCITY)
They demonstrated that infants coordinated their actions with their caregivers as a kind of conversation. - 13CAREGIVER-INFANT INTERACTIONS: Brazelton (1979)Evidence of communication during neonatal behavioural assessment
(Suggested that basic
rhythm (reciprocity) is an important precursor to later communications and lays the foundations for later attachments between a caregiver and infant.) - 14CAREGIVER-INFANT INTERACTIONS: Andrew Meltzoff and Keith Moore (1977)Conducted the the 1st somatic study of interactional synchrony
Found that infants as young as 2-3 weeks old imitated specific facial and hand gestures - 15CAREGIVER-INFANT INTERACTIONS: Andrew Meltzoff and Keith Moore (1983)Demonstrated the method used in 1977 but on 3 day old infants.
Found that the behavioural response must be innate as infants only a few days old were displaying interactional synchrony so ruled out the theory that the behaviour was learned. - 16CAREGIVER-INFANT INTERACTIONS: Describe the method used by Meltzoff and Moore-Controlled observation
-Selected 4 different stimuli (3 different faces +hand gesture) -infants response observed
-Observations watched on video tapes
-Mouth opening, termination of mouth opening, Tongue protrusion, termination of tongue protrusion (behavioural categories)
-Each tape played/scored twice (inter and intra-observer reliability)- all scores higher than .92 - 17Controlled observationWhere behaviour is observed but under conditions where certain variables have been organised by the researcher.
- 18Behavioural categoryDivided a target behaviour (such as stress or aggression) into a subset of specific and operationalised behaviours.
- 19Inter-observer reliabilityThe extent to which there is agreement between 2 or more observers involved in observations of a behaviour.
- 20Intra-observer reliabilityThe amount of variation one observer experiences when observing the same material more than once.
- 21CAREGIVER-INFANT INTERACTIONS: Give an example of researchers who have failed to replicate Meltzoff and Moore's findings and explain why.Koepke, J.E, Hamm, M., Legerstee, M. and Russel, M. (1983)
Meltzoff and Moore counter-argued saying that it failed because it was less carefully controlled. - 22CAREGIVER-INFANT INTERACTIONS: Give an example of how individual infants may respond differently.Isabella, Belsky and van Eye (1989) found that more strongly attached infant-caregiver pairs showed greater interactional synchrony.
- 23EXPLANATIONS OF ATTACHMENT: Learning TheoryThe name given to a group of explanations (classical or operant conditioning), which explain behaviour in terms of learning rather than any inborn tendencies or higher order thinking.
- 24EXPLANATIONS OF ATTACHMENT: Classical ConditioningLeaning through association.
A neutral stimulus is consistently paired with an unconditioned stimulus and is able to produce a conditioned response.
BEFORE CONDITIONING: Food (UCS) -> Pleasure (UCR)
Mother (NS) -> No response
DURING CONDITIONING: NS + UCS
AFTER CONDITIONING: NS is now CS -> Pleasure (CR) - 25EXPLANATIONS OF ATTACHMENT: Operant ConditioningLearning through reinforcement (and punishment)
- 26EXPLANATIONS OF ATTACHMENT: Social Learning TheoryLearning through observing others and imitating behaviours that are rewarded.
- 27EXPLANATIONS OF ATTACHMENT: Give 4 criticisms of the learning theory1) Learning theory is based on research on animals
2) Contact comfort is more important than food, as suggested by Harlow (1959)
3) An alternative explanation is Bowlby's theory as it suggests why attachments form and not just how
4) Drive reduction theory is largely ignored today - 28ANIMAL STUDIES: What is a strength of Lorenz's animal study of imprinting?There is research to support imprinting:
-Guiton (1966) demonstrated that leghorn chicks, exposed to yellow rubber gloves for feeding them during their first few weeks, became imprinted on the gloves - 29ANIMAL STUDIES: What is a weakness of Lorenz's animal study of imprinting?Criticisms of imprinting:
-original concept stated it was irreversible but Hoffman (1996) stated it was a more 'plastic and forgiving mechanism'
-Guiton (1966) found he could reverse the imprinting on the chickens who had initially tried to mate with rubber gloves -able to engage with other chickens - 30ANIMAL STUDIES: Give two criticisms of Harlow's animal study on attachment.1) Confounding variable- the 2 stimulus objects varied in more ways than being cloth-covered or not -2 heads differed -cloth-covered head more like a monkey
2) Generalising animal studies to human behaviour -However, research is supported by Schaffer and Emerson's findings that infants were not most attached to the person who fed them. - 31ROLE OF THE FATHER: Lamb (1997)Reported that studies have shown little relationship between father accessibility (amount of time) and infant-father attachment
- 32ROLE OF THE FATHER: Heermann. et al (1994)Suggested that men are less sensitive to infant cues than mothers making them less likely to be the primary attachment figure.
- 33ROLE OF THE FATHER: Frodi. et al (1978)Showed videotapes of infants crying and found no differences in the physiological responses of men and women, contradicting Heerman's view.
- 34ROLE OF THE FATHER: Frank. et al (1997)Research found that in two-parent families where the father is the primary caregiver, both parents often share the role of the primary attachment figure.
- 35ROLE OF THE FATHER: Geiger (1996)Fathers have a role to play as important secondary attachment figures. Geiger consistently highlighted the fact that fathers are more playful, physically active and generally better at providing challenging situations for their children. A father is an exciting playmate whereas mothers are more conventional.
- 36ROLE OF THE FATHER: White & Woollett (1992)It may be that a lack of sensitivity from fathers can be seen as positive because it fosters problem-solving by making greater communicative and cognitive demands on children
- 37STAGES OF ATTACHMENT: Biased sample1) Working class population only
2) From the 1960's (may lack historical validity) -number of stay-at-home dads has quadrupled in the last 25 years (Cohn. et al. 2014) - 38THE STRANGE SITUATION: Procedure of Mary Ainsworth's study-novel environment, 9x9 foot space marked into 16 squares to record the infant's movements
-8 episodes to test 1)separation anxiety 2)reunion behaviour 3)stranger anxiety 4)secure base concept
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- AS level Psychology Flashcards on Psychology: Attachment, created by Isabel Knight on 22/09/2017.
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- Isabel Knight
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