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Flashcards

Psychology Test

Emmett Legare Psychology English 103 cards

Cards in this deck (103)

  1. 1What is a Trait?A disposition to behave in certain ways
    in certain situations.
    ex: honest, dependable, etc...
  2. 2What is a State?A temporary mood that changes based
    on the situation.
  3. 3What is a Cardinal Trait?A dominant trait that characterizes
    ALL of someones behaviour (a rare trait).
    ex: Mother Theresa's Altruism
  4. 4What Are Central Traits?General characteristics that make up
    the personality.
    ex: Kindness, Honesty, etc...
  5. 5What Are Secondary Traits?Traits that surface only in certain
    situations. Attitudes, preferences.
    ex: Irritability, Anxiety, Shyness
  6. 6What Are Gordon Allport's Trait Theories?Personality is made up of Cardinal Traits,
    Central Traits, and Secondary Traits.
  7. 7Who Are Costa and McCraeCreators of the five factor model
    OCEAN, which describes someones
    personality based on where they fall
    on each factor.
  8. 8What Does OCEAN Stand For?Openness
    Conscientiousness
    Extraversion
    Agreeableness
    Neuroticism
  9. 9What is The Opposite of Openness?Preferring the familiar; same thing over and over.
  10. 10Characteristics of Openness to Experience? (Name Three)-Curiosity
    -Originality
    -Imaginative
    -Flexible thinking
    -Artistic
    -Broad range of interests
  11. 11What is The Opposite of Conscientiousness?Being Undependable
  12. 12Characteristics of Conscientiousness (List at Least Three)-Dependable
    -Disciplined
    -Responsible
    -Organized
  13. 13Characteristics of Extraversion (List at Least Three)-Outgoing
    -Sociable
    -Talkative
    -Assertive
  14. 14Opposite of Extraversion?Introversion
  15. 15Characteristics of Agreeableness? (List at Least Three)-Kind
    -Trusting
    -Uncritical
    -Warm
    -Compassionate
  16. 16Opposite of Agreeableness?Stubbornness
  17. 17What is NEOPI?A questionnaire that assesses personality according to the Big 5 Theory.
  18. 18What is Personality According to Freud?-Develops in stages
    -We are shaped through our early childhood experiences
    -The result of the unconscious
  19. 19What is The "Iceberg Diagram"?A representation of what our psyche looks like. Constantly moving, changing. The vast majority of us are underwater like an iceberg.
  20. 20What Did Freud Think About Dreams?They are the royal road to the unconscious. Things in your unconscious are visible in your dreams.
  21. 21What Are The Three Parts of Personality According to Freud?-ID (do what feels good)
    -EGO (do what works)
    -SUPER EGO (do what is morally right)
  22. 22What is ID?-Present at Birth; all unconscious.
    -Governed by your life instinct (EROS)
    -Governed by an inborn instinct to anger, we are born to destroy (THANATOS)
    "If it feels good, do it"
  23. 23What is EGO?"Do What Works"
    -Makes good decisions.
    -Realistic, rational.
    -Conscious.
    -Delays gratification until appropriate outlets can be found.
  24. 24What is SUPER EGO?"Do What is Morally Right"
    -Represents internalized social standards of parents and society.
    -Moral guide.
    -When we feel guilt, shame, or inadequacy.
    -Starts at around age 3-5.
  25. 25Is There Conflict Between ID, EGO, and SUPER EGO?Yes, the conflict between these can create anxiety.
  26. 26What is a Defence Mechanism?Reactions used by the ego to protect the self from anxiety.
  27. 27What Are Some Characteristics of Defence Mechanisms?-Reality distortion
    -ALWAYS unconscious
    -Tension creates anxiety, we discharge that energy through our DM's.
  28. 28Examples of Defence Mechanisms?-Repression (the deepest DM)
    -Projection
    -Denial
    -Rationalization
    -Displacement
    -Reaction Formation
    -Regression
  29. 29Definition of Repression?When traumatic memories are blocked.
  30. 30Definition of Projection?Attributing thoughts or feelings to another. Putting your stuff on someone else.
  31. 31Definition of Denial?Much more conscious, a failure to acknowledge reality.
  32. 32Definition of Rationalization?Creating false but reasonable excuses to justify unacceptable behaviour.
  33. 33Definition of Displacement?Diverting feelings from the original source to a substitute. (sort of like projection)
  34. 34Definition of Reaction Formation?Behaving the opposite of what you feel.
  35. 35Definition of Regression?Reverting to an immature stage.
  36. 36What is Freud's Psychosexual Stage Theory?Childhood consists of five stages of development, at each stage, ID energy is focused on a part of the body. Our personality depends on how we make it through these stages.
    Trouble moving through these stages is called "fixation".
  37. 37What is Fixation?-Occurs in first three stages
    -Failure to move from one stage to another.
    -Determined by excessive gratification or frustration.
    -Affects personality.
  38. 38What is The Oral Stage?-Occurs from birth-2 years old
    -Tasks: Weaning
    -Habits that involve an oral fixation (drinking, smoking, nail biting, etc..) suggests an issue in the oral stage.
  39. 39What is The Anal Stage?-Age 2-3
    -Ego begins to emerge
    -About developing a sense of power.
  40. 40What is Anal Retentive/Anal Expulsive?Retentive: Rigid, set in ways, etc..
    Expulsive: Very laid back, no structure, not very clean, etc..
  41. 41What is The Phallic Stage?-Through ages 4-5
    -Focus is the genitalia.
    -Task is identification of the genitalia.
    -Oedipal (male)
    -Electra (female)
  42. 42Characteristics of Phallic Stage?-Unconscious erotic desires for opposite sex parent with hostility towards other parent.
    -Resolves conflict by repressing urges and identifying with same-sex parent.
  43. 43What Does Freud Believe About Women?Women are less moral because they do not go through "fear of castration" and feel "penis envy".
  44. 44What is The Latency Stage?-Ages 6-12
    -No focus in this stage.
    -Task: Social contact.
  45. 45What is The Genital Stage?-Ages puberty and above.
    -Focus are the genitals.
    -Tasks: Intimacy and procreation.
  46. 46What Are Freud's Five Psychosexual Stages?Oral
    Anal
    Phallic
    Latency
    Genital
  47. 47Examples of Projective Tests? What Are They?-Rorschach (Inkblot)
    -Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
    Used to bring out the unconscious.
  48. 48What is The Exner System?Long system for scoring Inkblots.
  49. 49What is The Thematic Apperception Test?-A test where you look at a picture and interpret what is going on.
    -Up to counsellor to interpret patients answers.
    -No scoring system.
  50. 50Who Are John Watson & B.F Skinner?Creators of behavioural perspectives that arose out of a rejection of Freud's theories in search of a more "scientific" approach.
  51. 51What is Behaviourism?A theory that all behaviour is learned through experience (conditioning).
  52. 52What is Operant Conditioning?Voluntary behaviours are controlled by their consequences.
    Reinforcements increase behaviour,
    Punishments decrease behaviour.
  53. 53What is Personality According to Behaviourists?-A learned set of behaviours.
    -There is no personality, only response tendencies.
  54. 54Who Uses NEOPI?Trait Psychologists.
  55. 55Who is an Example of a Psychoanalytic?Freud.
  56. 56What is Radical Determinism?We have very little will, if any.
  57. 57What is The Behavioural Approach to "Assessing Personality"?-Identify target behaviour & observe the frequency of it.
    -Therapy is used to change the behaviour, and change consequences.
  58. 58What is Bandura's Social-Cognitive Theory?Agrees with Behaviourism but notes the importance of thoughts and feelings.
  59. 59What is Bandura's Reciprocal Determinism?The environment shapes our behaviour, our behaviour shapes our environment.
  60. 60What is Operant Conditioning?Reward & Punishment.
  61. 61What is Observational Learning?Learning by watching and copying.
    ex: Bandura and the bobo doll
  62. 62What is Self-Efficacy?The belief that you can master a situation and produce positive outcomes.
  63. 63What is Maslow and Rogers "Third Force"?An approach that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, and their potential for growth.
  64. 64What is Self-Conept?The set of beliefs we have about ourselves and who we feel we are.
  65. 65What is Maslow's Theory?Human motives are into a hierarchy of needs.
  66. 66What is Rogers Theory?Focuses on the self concept- a collection of beliefs about one's nature.
    Unconditional love produces congruence (self-acceptance), conditional love produces Incongruence (self hatred).
  67. 67What is Congruence?When your self-concept matches reality. Accepting yourself for who you are.
  68. 68What is Incongruence?The gap between one's self-concept and reality.
    Example: You think you're very kind, but no one else does.
  69. 69How Does In/Congruence Develop?Unconditional love produces Congruence.
    "I'll love you no matter what."
    Conditional love produces Incongruence.
    "I'll only love you if..."
  70. 70What is Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?1. Physiological Needs (food, shelter, etc)
    2. Safety
    3. Belongingness and Love
    4. Esteem & Self-Efficacy
    5. Self-Actualization
  71. 71What is Spearman's Intelligence Theory?-Intelligence is one entity.
    -There is one basic intelligence in you.
    -All forms of intelligence share a core "G" (general) factor.
  72. 72What is Sternberg's Intelligence Theory?-There are THREE kinds of intelligence
    -They are so distinct we cannot have just ONE intelligence (as suggested by IQ tests)
  73. 73What Are Sternberg's Three Kinds of Intelligence?-Analytical Intelligence, "school smart"
    -Creative Intelligence
    -Practical Intelligence, "street smart"
  74. 74What is Gardner's Intelligence Theory?"It's not how smart you are that matters, what really counts is how you are smart."
    Proposes EIGHT different intelligences.
  75. 75What Are Gardner's Eight Kinds of Intelligence?Body Kinesthetic
    Interpersonal
    Verbal-Linguistic
    Logical-Mathematical
    Naturalistic
    Intrapersonal
    Visual-Spatial
    Musical
  76. 76What is Body Kinesthetic?Ability to be physically inept and gifted with your body.
    ex: Dancer, Athlete
  77. 77What is Interpersonal?"People Smart"
    Being able to read and understand other people.
    ex: Psychologist, Teacher
  78. 78What is Verbal-Linguistic?"Word Smart"
    Ability to work within language to convey meaning.
    ex: Journalist, Translator
  79. 79What is Logical-Mathematic?"Logic Smart"
    Ability to carry out logical equations.
    ex: Scientist, Engineer
  80. 80What is Naturalistic?"Nature Smart"
    Ability to observe patterns in nature.
    ex: Botanist, Marine Biologist
  81. 81What is Intrapersonal?"Self Smart"
    Ability to understand yourself and what motivates you/what your limits are.
    ex: Therapist, Psychologist, etc..
  82. 82What is Visual-Spatial?"Picture Smart"
    Ability to work in 3D space/know where you are on a map.
    ex: Architect, Artist, Sailor
  83. 83What is Musical?"Music Smart"
    Sensitivity to pitch, rhythm, and melody.
    ex: Musician
  84. 84Who is Sir Francis Galton?-Coined the term "Nature vs. Nurture"
    -Came up with the theory that we could test intelligence.
    "Success runs in families because intelligence is genetically inherited."
  85. 85What Are Eugenics?Selective reproduction and selective sterilization of "feeble minded" people.
  86. 86Who is Alfred Binet?Came up with the first modern intelligence tests. We use "school-smarts" based tests because of him.
    "The intelligence of everyone is subject to development."
  87. 87Who is Lewis Terman?Picked up on Binet's ideas and creator of IQ "Intelligence Quotient" and Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale.
  88. 88Who is David Wechsier?-Created the Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and the intelligence scale for children (WISC)
    -His tests are now the standard.
    -Tests rely less on verbal ability.
    -Used bell curve to base tests.
  89. 89What is Full Scale IQ Composed of?Performance Scale (PIQ)
    Verbal Scale (VIQ)
  90. 90What Does Performance Scale (PIQ) Consist of?Digit symbol/coding
    Picture completion
    Block Design
  91. 91What Does Verbal Scale (VIQ) Consist of?Vocabulary
    Similarities
    Comprehension
    Verbal Memory (digit span)
  92. 92What Are Key Concepts in Psychological Testing?-Reliability
    -Validity
    -Standardization
  93. 93What Does Standardization Mean?Always given the same way. The exact same answer gets the exact same score.
  94. 94Definition of Assessment?"To measure"
  95. 95Methods of Assessing the Contribution of Nature/Nurture?Family Studies
    Twin and Adoption Studies
  96. 96What Are Some Examples of Evidence of Nature?-Identical Twins have a similar IQ than fraternal twins.
    -Identical twins raised apart still show a similarity in IQ than fraternal twins raised together.
  97. 97What Are Some Examples of Evidence for Nurture?-Siblings raised together are most similar in IQ than siblings raised apart.
    -Environmental deprivation and enrichment have significant effects on a child's IQ
  98. 98What is The Flynn Effect?Average IQ scores have increased significantly over the past 100 years.
  99. 99Characteristics of Intellectual Disability?-Low intellectual functioning (IQ below 70)
    -Problems in adaptive living skills
    -Present in childhood
    1-3% of the population
  100. 100What Are The Levels of Intellectual Disability?Mild (85%)
    Moderate (10%)
    Severe
    Profound
  101. 101What Are The Causes of Intellectual Disability?-Biological
    prenatal complications, diseases, fetal alcohol, etc...
    -Familial
    Caused by poor education, nutrition, learning opportunities, etc...
  102. 102What is "Giftedness"?-IQ of 130+ and/or superior talent
    -Above average in strength, physical health, etc..
  103. 103What Did Ellen Winner Suggest?While moderately gifted children are healthy, profoundly gifted children with an IQ above 180+ are usually socially isolated.

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Flash cards for upcoming psychology test 2017
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Emmett Legare
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