Flashcards
MSM, WMM, LTM
Cards in this deck (22)
- 1Define information processingInformation is taken in by the senses (input) then encoded in the brain where it is processed; this processing is followed by an output.
- 2Define memoryMemory is the encoding, storage and retrieval of information.
- 3Describe the Multi-Store Model of memoryIt is structural linear model.
3 stores:
Sensory memory (SM): capacity: unlimited duration: milliseconds encoding: iconic econic
Information is passed to the STM if we pay attention
Short-term memory(STM): capacity: 7 + or – 2 items (can be extended by chunking) duration: 10-20 seconds (can be extended by maintenance rehearsal) encoding: acoustic
Information is passed on to the LTM by elaborative rehearsal.
Long-term memory(LTM): capacity: unlimited duration: up to a lifetime encoding: semantic - 4Evaluate the Multi-Store Model of memory Glanzer and Cunitz (1956)found that the first few words of a list (primacy effect) and the last few words (recency effect) are better recalled than the words in the middle of the list. The first few words are in the LTM and the last few words are in the STM at the time of recall. This is evidence for two distinct stores.
- 5Evaluate the Multi-Store Model of memory Clive Wearing(hippocampus damaged by viral infection) can no longer make new memories. This is evidence for a flow of information from the STM to the LTM, it is also evidence for the existence of two distinct stores. Furthermore, he could remember being married but could not remember his wedding this shows that the LTM is not a single store i.e. semantic, procedural and episodic memory. This challenges the MSM.
- 6Evaluate the Multi-Store Model of memory KF(hippocampus damaged after an accident) has difficulties with acoustic stimuli but no difficulties with visual stimuli; this is evidence for a STM made up of at least two stores which goes against the MSM.
However these are case studies, they cannot be replicated for practical and ethical reasons so the results are not reliable and as they are studies of one individual we cannot generalise the results to the wider population. - 7Describe the Working Memory Model basicIt is a functional model (it explains how memory works). It focuses on the STM and contains separate components.
The components do not only store information they also manipulate and analyse it. - 8Describe the Working Memory Model Central ExecutiveCentral executive: controls and coordinates the operation of the other components.
- 9Describe the Working Memory Model Visuo-spatial sketch padDeals with visual and spatial information. Divided in two subsystems:
Visual cache: stores visual data
Inner scribe: records the arrangement of objects in the visual field. - 10Describe the Working Memory Model Phonological loopDeals with auditory information and is sub-divided into the phonological store and the articulatory system
Phonological store: acts as an inner-ear and the articulatory system acts as an inner voice. - 11Describe the Working Memory Model Episodic BufferIntegrate the information of the other slave systems and information from the LTM.
- 12Evaluate the Working Memory Model Baddeley and Hitch (1974):Showed that participants can perform two tasks at the same time (dual task technique) as long as they involve different slave systems. This is evidence that they must consist of more than one component. This is also evidence that the components have limited capacity.
- 13Evaluate the Working Memory Model Word length effect:we recall more short words than long ones. This is because short words take less time to articulate than long words. This is evidence for the phonological loop.The word length effect disappears when the same experiment is done using articulatory suppression, this means that the word length effect depends on having a verbal rehearsal system(the articulatory process) therefore it supports the existence of this component.
It explains why KF could deal with auditory information but had difficulties with auditory stimuli. This is evidence for the existence for different slave systems. However it is a case study focusing on a single individual therefore the results cannot be generalised to the wider population. Furthermore it is not replicable therefore the results are not reliable. - 14Evaluate the Working Memory Model fMRI scans Braver et al. (1997):Found that when their participants were performing activities involving the central executive while being scanned the prefrontal cortex showed greater activity. The activity was increased if the activity was harder. This supports the existence of the central executive.
- 15Compare the Multi-Store Model of memory with the Working Memory Model 4pointsThe WMM focuses on the STM whereas the MSM describes how information is processed from the sensory memory to the LTM.
Neither model can explain how we remember smell and touch.
The MSM is about structure whereas the WMM looks at the functioning of the memory.
Both models can be used to understand brain damaged patient (explain). - 16What are the three types of LTM?Semantic memory: Memory for facts and knowledge i.e. the multistore model of memory. This is a type of explicit memory. Semantic memories usually start as episodic memories but progressively loose their association with particular events and only the knowledge remains.
Episodic memory: Personal memories of events i.e. your last birthday party. This is a type of explicit memory. These memories usually include details of an event, the context in which the event took place and emotions associated with the event..
Procedural memory: Memory of how to do things i.e. riding a bicycle or driving. These memories require a lot of repetition and practice- they are implicit meaning we find them very difficult to explain even if we find the actions easy to perform. Procedural memories are automatic. - 17Evidence for three types of LTM Scans Tulving (1989) :Showed that when episodic memory is used the frontal lobes are activated but when the semantic memory is used the back of the cerebral cortex is active.
- 18Evidence for three types of LTM HM and Clive Wearing:both had brain damage which severely affected their episodic memory but their semantic and procedural memories were relatively intact. However these are case studies not replicable- low reliability, results influenced by individual characteristics cannot generalise to wider population.
- 19How does interference explain forgetting? Basic explantionOne memory disturbs the ability to recall another. This might result in forgetting or distorting one or the other or both. This is more likely to happen if the memories are similar.
- 20How does interference explain forgetting? Two types of interference:Proactive interference:
Previously learnt information interferes with the new information you are trying to store.
Retroactive interference:
A new memory interferes with older ones. - 21Evaluate interference as an explanation of forgetting Baddeley (1990):The tasks given to participants are too close to each other and, in real life, these kinds of events are more spaced out so the effect might be different.
The research does not investigate whether the information has “disappeared” or can be recovered later, Ceraso (1967) showed that if tested again after 24 hours there is significant recovery so the effect of interference might be temporary. - 22Evaluate interference as an explanation of forgetting Underwood &Postman(1960):Most of the evidence supporting this theory comes from lab the EVs can be controlled. They can be replicated so reliability can be tested but they use artificial material (i.e. word lists) which are meaningless to the participants so they do not represent everyday situations. There is support for the influence of interference in everyday life (Baddeley& Hitch).
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- Year 11 Psychology (Memory) Flashcards on MSM, WMM, LTM, created by Sophie www on 02/11/2017.
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