Flashcards
Psychology: Memory
Cards in this deck (26)
- 1CapacityThis is the measure of how much can be held in memory. It is represented in terms of bits of information, such as number of digits.
- 2Coding(also 'encoding'). The way information is changed so that it can be stored in memory. Information enters the brain via the senses (e.g. eyes and ears). It is then stored in various forms, such as visual codes (like a picture), acoustic codes (sounds) or semantic codes (the meaning of the experience).
- 3DurationA measure of how long a memory lasts before it is no longer available.
- 4Sensory RegisterThis is the information at the senses -information collected by your eyes, ears, nose, fingers...
Information is retained for a very brief period byt the sensory registers. We are only able to hold the accurate images of sensory information momentarily (1/4 of a second).
The capacity of the sensory memory is very large, such as all the cells on the retina of the eye. The method of coding depends on the sense organ involved (e.g. visual for the eyes or acoustic for the ears) -SENSE SPECIFIC
(suggested by Sperling 1960) - 5Long-term memoryYour memory for events that have happened in the past. This lasts anywhere from 2 minutes to 100 years. LTM has potentially unlimited duration and capacity and tends to be coded semantically.
- 6Short-term memoryYou memory for immediate events. STMs are measured in seconds and minutes rather than hours and day. They disappear unless they are rehearsed. STM also has a limited capacity of about 4-7 items or chunks and tends to be coded acoustically. This type of memory is sometimes referred to as working memory.
- 7Draw the Multi-store model of memory
- 8Describe the Multi-store memory model1)Memory is gained from the environment that is input via the 5 senses. At first it is used in sensory memory which acts as a filter.
2)If no attention is paid then the information is lost, but if there is attention focused on the memopry then it is passed into the STM
3)This function is for our consciousness , how2ever it decays after 30 seconds or if it is displaced within the limit capacity of 7 +/- 2 items.
4)This process can be stopped with the rehearsal loop which acts to change the code to be semantic meaning that it can be stored in the LTM.
5)Information can still be lost here due to interference or retrieval failure
6)However, the memory can be retrieved and used in the STM for present use where it can decay or be displaced but is still occupying the LTM. - 9KEY: Baddeley (1966) a & b study (STM)_____________________________________
- 10Jacobs (1887) SERIAL DIGIT SPAN experiment_______________________________________
- 11KEY: Peterson & Peterson (1959) TRIGRAM RETENTION experiment (duration of STM)_________________________________________
- 12Baddeley a & b study (LTM)______________________________________
- 13Bahrick (1975) HIGH SCHOOL YEARBOOK study (duration of LTM)_____________________________________________
- 14Murdock (1962) THE SERIAL POSITION CURVE (evaluation of MSM)_______________________________________
- 15Shallice & Warrington (1970) CASE STUDY of K.F. (evaluation of MSM)K.F's memory was impaired as a result of a motorbike accident.
SUPPORT: suggests that the STM and LTM are located in separate areas of the brain as he had a reduced STM capacity (1-2 digits) yet his LTM was normal
CHALLENGE: shows the STM in the MSM is oversimplified as K.F's deficits in STM were only verbal (not visual or acoustic) - 16Blakemore (1988) CASE STUDY of CLIVE WEARING (evaluation of MSM)Clive Wearing has virtually no LTM since a virus destroyed part of his brain but his STM still works.
SUPPORT: proves the idea that the sensory, short term and long term memory stores are separate
CHALLENGE: Shows that the LTM in the MSM is oversimplified as he can recall impersonal facts and do basic tasks such as walking and talking. - 17Draw the Working Memory model
- 18Episodic BufferReceives input from many sources, temporarily stores this information, and then integrates it in order to construct a mental episode of what is being experienced.
- 19Central ExecutiveThis allocates resources dependent on cognitive demands. It controls the other component ('slave') systems and restricts awareness to 2 items (max.) -one from each subsystem only.
- 20Phonological loopThis is a temporary acoustic storage system for auditory and verbal information that we use to repreat information or store words before we speak. It contains 2 sub-systems:
1)The Articulatory Process -holds words for sub-vocal repetition to prevent decay ('inner voice')
2)The Phonological Store -represents auditory information in terms of pitch and loudness ('inner ear') - 21Visuo-spatial sketchpadCodes visual information in terms of separate objects as well as the arrangement of these objects in one's visual field ('inner eye').
Logie (1995) sub-divided this store into 2 sub-systems:
1)A Visual Cache -stores information about visual items (e.g. form + colour)
2)An Inner Scribe -stores the arrangement of objects in the visual field - 22Describe the 3 types of long term memory.1)EPISODIC MEMORY -personal experience (can include place & time, context, emotions)
2)SEMANTIC MEMORY -knowledge of facts and other abstract concepts (without association to the self)
3)PROCEDURAL MEMORY -skills and muscle memory, acquired through repetition and practice, that have become automatic - 23Brain scans (evaluation of types of LTM)Using PET scans, it was discovered that different areas of the brain are active when the different types of LTM are in use:
EPISODIC= Frontal Lobe & Hippocampus
SEMANTIC= Cerebrum/various
PROCEDUREAL= Cerebellum - 24Retroactive InterferenceOccurs when newly acquired information inhibits our ability to recall previously acquired similar information (the newer info will override the older info)
e.g. a new phone number overrides an old one
- 25Proactive InterferenceThe tendency for previously acquired material to hinder the recall of current, similar information (the older info will override the newer info)
e.g. struggling to find the dials on a new car, because they're not in the same place as the old car's dials.
- 26Retrieval failureOccurs due to the absence of cues. A explanation for forgetting based on the idea that the issue relates to being able to retrieve a memory that is there (available) but not accessible. Retrieval depends on cues.
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- AS level Psychology Flashcards on Psychology: Memory, created by Isabel Knight on 26/01/2018.
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- Isabel Knight
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