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Jess Mead Psychology English 103 cards

Cards in this deck (103)

  1. 170% of what makes good eyesight is when light passes through the ____, which bends the light as it is more ____ than aircornea
    dense
  2. 2When you look at long distances, the lens in your eye: a) thins out b)becomes thickera
  3. 3The human eye traces the evolutionary roots of _____Hagfish
    they cant see with their eyes so they have a light detector and this helps with circadian rhythmss
  4. 4What is the main flaw of the human eye?Light has to pass through a bunch of cells before it gets to the photoreceptors, which makes for extra processing (unlike a CCD from a digital camera which is exposed directly to the light).
  5. 5What is the solution to the main flaw of the human eye?The fovea. The layer of cell bodies/axons thins around this area, making it the space of the most visual acuity (however this only works for a very small focus).
  6. 6What are the difference between cones and rods?Cones are responsible for colour vision, and are tuned into blue/red/green colours. they are also exclusively in the fovea and are spread out elsewhere. They have 1 ganglion per cone (good spatial res but sensitive to dim light)
    Rods are achromatic and are in most places besides the fovea. There are 1000s per ganglion (spatial uncertainty but good for dim light)
  7. 7Why do we measure size and eccentricity in degrees of visual angle?Because the physical size/lateral separation of two objects does not tell us how big/separated they are on the retina. all the information your brain has, however, is collected on the retinal image. Your finger (1cm) at half a length wide (57cm) is 1 degree wide on the retina
  8. 8What do retinal ganglion cells do?collect neural impulses that are collected by the photoreceptors. The lateral connections of the cells facilitate this.
  9. 9What does the Mach bands demonstaration show?Lateral inhibition. In a bunch of panels that gradually change from dark to light, we view the side of the panel next to the darker side as lighter and vice versa. So there is a more drastic change in brightness at the meeting point
  10. 10How does the horseshoe crab offer a demonstration into the mach bands phenomena?when ommatidia are stimulated, they get an excitatory signal but also inhibit those around them. As they are lateral, in the area where bright light turns into dim light, the edge of the bright light is more heavily stimulated (receiving less inhibition) and the edge of the dim light is more inhibited (from the bright)
  11. 11What is hemi-decussation (or half-crossing)?all objects in the left vis field are sent to the right side of the brain and vice versa (info taken from both eyes). This helps to map information from the same field together.
  12. 12What is retinotopic organisation and the cortical magnification factor?adjacent regions map to adjacent locations in the vis cortex. lips/nose/eyes are abnormally large as they fall on the fovea, which counts for 20% of visual processing (side note: the processing area is tucked away deep in the brain, 2 synapses from primary vis cortex)
  13. 13What is the difference between how an on-centre and off-centre cell responds to light? (the centre/surround receptive field receptors) - when stimulated these cells have an effect on ganglion/lgn/VI cellsAn on-centre cell responds maximally to light and minimally to light around it. An off-centre cell responds maximally to light around it, and minimally to light. This is the basic level of visual analysis
  14. 14Vision travels from the retina to the LGN to the primary visual cortex. In all three stages, the ____ receptive fields are smaller than the periphery, all receptive fields are ___, all neurons are ____ and they have concentric excitatory/inhibitory regionsfovea
    circular
    monocular
  15. 15____ _____ refer to regions on the sensory organ and the features that excite or inhibit the cell. The nreceptive fields
  16. 16Why are centre/surround receptive fields sensitive to contrast?because complete illumination of the centre/surround maximises firing, but diffusive illumination of the entire receptive field minimises firing. we are only really sensitive to contrast
  17. 17Each ganglion cell has a receptive field in the retina of elongated exhibitory/inhibitory regions. simple cells respond most vigorously when static bars with the appropriate orientation fall onto the 'on' subfield of the receptive field:)
  18. 18there are many different types of simple cells at different distributions and angles. all respond to different static edges of particular orientations. why?because our visual environment is so complex
  19. 19we can decompose any visual scene into visual components. vision has various gradients of changing ________illuminence
  20. 20wider simple cells respond maximally to ___ spatial frequencies of illuminence .Narrow simple cells respond maximally to ___ spatial frequencieslow (wider)\high (narrower)
  21. 21signalling changes from light to dark at different spatial scales allows simple cells to code information about different features such as __ and ___edges and texture
    (high frequency components are signalled by smaller cells)
  22. 22What makes complex cells different from simple cells?it would fire if it got any input from contributing single cells. dont have specific on/off regions. will respond more when contour moves either up/down or left/right. it underlies stereoscopic depth perception as it receives inputs form both eyes
  23. 23Describe the phenomenon of occular dominancemore cells are driven by the contraleteral eye than the ipsilateral eye. the least amount are driven by both
  24. 24What is binocular disparity?where the receptive fields are in slightly different areas of the eye
  25. 25what is the columnar organisation of the primary visual cortex?signals that flow from simple to complex. there are blocks called hypercolumns that analyse vis. signals from one area of a visual field. half is assumed to be right eye and half left. each column specializes in the analysis of straight lines in a particular orientation.
  26. 26more of the brain is involved in processing sight than we thing. the dorsal stream processes info ____ and the ventral stream processes info ____upwards
    downwards
  27. 27a left v1 scotoma leaves a blue in what side of the visual field?right. you may not be consciously aware of a lack of vision but you will bump into things
  28. 28what are the differences between the dorsal and ventral visual streams?dorsal focusses on large receptive fields and is thought to be related to visual spatial perception/visually directed behaviour (WHERE). ventral focusses on small receptive fields and is thought to be related to visual pattern recognition/conscious visual perception (WHAT)
  29. 29What are the two areas of the secondary visual cortex?fusiform face area (ventral)
    middle temporal area (dorsal)
  30. 30what happens when the fusiform face area is fuckedprosopagnosia. people cant recognise faces (however can sometimes show phisiological responses to similar faces). resupts from ventral stream damage.
  31. 31what happens when the medial temporal area of the secondary visual cortex is fucked(hint: dorsal stream)akinetopsia (motion blindness). cant see moving shit, only when it's still
  32. 32why does the entrance to the cochlea have little holes?To allow escape/ripples of fluid when compressed. inside the cochlea, the baslar/tectoral membranes are fixed at the base but free at the end, which bends hair cells with movement
  33. 33what am i? i collect sound waves and channel them into the auditory canal. i play an important role in localising sounds as my folds reflect various frequencies around the earthe pinnae
  34. 34we aim to concentrate the vibrations on the tympanic membrane onto a very small area on the oval window. pressure is increased by concentrating a given mass on a smaller area, so this, with the lever action of the ossicles, amplify the vibrations by 22 timesat the auditory threshold, the hair cell displacement is 100 picometers
  35. 35how do we perceive pitch? link this to the volley theory.0-100hZ is the direct firing rate of a neurone (so if 4 fire it makes 400hZ). however this only works up to about 5000 hz. this is volley theory. 5000+ = place theory. this works like the cochlea is a jumprope. high frequency vibrations work at the base (maximum displacement) and lower frequency vibrations work further down
  36. 36what are two ways in which we localise soundinteraural time differences
    interaural intensity differences
  37. 37describe some traits of an interaural intensity differencewhen sounds dont come from directly in front of/behind you, you have an acoustic shadow that means that one ear will get a higher intensity than the other. this helps to localise sounds. this is more effective for higher frequency sounds as they will bounce off objects, whereas lower can bend around (e.g. concert)
  38. 38describe the traits of an interaural intensity differencewhen the cochlea in one ear is stimulated before another, the lateral assembly of receptor cells means that there will be maximal firing to the right of the centre, giving information as to the locality of the sound. this is highlighted through net inhibitory and excitatory signals
  39. 39What are the two princples of organisation in the auditory cortex?columnar organisation (frequency columns)
    tonotopic organisation of the cochlea is preserved all the way up the auditory pathway
  40. 40why is the primary and secondary auditory cortex so protected?evolution - we dont want to lose our hearing, right?
  41. 41What is the difference between conduction deafness, sensorineural deafness and central deafness?conduction - can still use bone conuction. results from damage to the tympanic membrane/ossicles. does not involve nervous system
    sensorineural - permanent. auditory fibres are not stimulated correctly. can be external
    central - caused by brain lesions
  42. 42how do you test for central deafness?meaningful sounds identification test: patients with only LEFT temporal damage performed poorly
    Meaningless sounds identification test: patients with only RIGHT temporal damage performed poorly
    this is an e.g. of double dissociation
  43. 43what is the vestibular systema system responsible for spatial orientation and balance
  44. 44how do the 3 semicicrular canals in the vestibular system help with balance?they are filled with endolymph fluid (when filled with alcohol this makes you lose balance). each of the 3 codes for a different head rotation (up/down, sideways, pivot). when the cupula in them move, the hair cells also activate
  45. 45vestibular nerves code for accelaration of a change in motion, but what do they not code for?constant velocity.
  46. 46the otoliths: what do the utricles code for, and what do the saccules code for?utricles: linear accellaration (can be fooled as forward accelaration and backward tilt do the same thing)
    saccules: orientation with gravity (so up/down)
  47. 47what is the vestibulo-occular reflex?changing your eyes as your head moves so that your vision isnt shakey all the time
    outer eye is connected to pons, inner eye is connected to midbrain
  48. 48what is oscillopsia?loss of the vestibular-ocular reflex. this results in bouncing vision as info about the head movements signalled by the vestibular organs is not available (compensatory eye movements are not made)
  49. 49the somatosensory system is comprised of three systems; the exteroceptive system, the propriocentive system and the interoceptive system. what do each of them doexteroceptive: external stimuli applied to the surface of the skin
    proprioceptive: senses the position of the limb via joint angles
    interoceptive system: internal temperature, blood pressure etc
  50. 50what are the difference between free nerve endings, ruffini endings and pacinian corpuscles?free nerve endings have no specialied structure and are sensitive to temperature and pain. pancinial corpucles respond rapidly to pressure and adapt quickly
    ruffini endings respond to gradual stimulation and adapt slowly
    (also merkels disks)
  51. 51afferent nerve fibers over a specific area of the body converge on specific dorsal roots in the spinal cord. each area is called a _____. they have considerable overlap, so the damage/loss of one does not result in a large deficit in sensationdermatome
  52. 52somatosensory information ascends via two pathways. the dorsal column medial-lemiscus and the anterolateral system. what do each code for?DCM-L: touch and proprioception. contraleteral.
    anterolateral: pain and temperature. 3 seperate tracts (spinothalamic, spinoreticular, spinotectal), which builde redundency
  53. 53what is disproportionate about the cortical areas of somatosensation? how do we test for this?they map for adjacent regions of the body and are disproportionate for the side of the body e.g. lips vs. feet. we test this through the 2 point threshold (when do people think 2 points = 1?)
  54. 54do we have receptive fields for touch?yes. touch to excitatory area = fires maximally. touch to inhibitory are = fires minimally. touch to both = even
  55. 55what happens when there is damage to s1 (primary visual cortex)?not marked by major deficits in senation. probably due to numerous parallel pathways in the 2 systems. in fact, removal of a whole hemisphere does not change pain perception (as this is so important to our evolution)
  56. 56who was miss c?the woman who felt no pain
  57. 57what is the anterior cingulate gyrus responsible for?mediating the perception of pain. likely responsible for the emotional response to pain (shown through lobotomy data as its in the front of the brain)
  58. 58endorphins are the bodys self-produced morphine. as they monitor periaqueductal grey (pag) which has analgesic effects:)
  59. 59the olfactory system is processed very low-level and has a role in memory. the thalamus is the third step and not the firstwhatever that means..
  60. 60the distribution of the taste receptors on the tongue are fairly uniform. what are the 5 tastes? what system does it collaborate with a lot?salty, sweet, sour, bitter, umami
    olfactory
  61. 61what is anosomia and ageusiathe inability to smell and the inability to taste. the latter is more rare due to evolution protecting that area of the brain. both can occur after a blow to the head
  62. 62interaural intensity difference: which one leaves a bigger acoustic shadow? (low or high frequency sounds)high, as low can bend around objects easier. therefore a higher frequency is a higher IAD
  63. 63if theres a sound to the left, what side gets inhibited to allow for interaural time difference (of the brain)the right (a message is sent from the medial trapezoidal body to the right lateral olive while an excitatory signal is sent to the left lateral olive)
  64. 64what is so fckn awesome aboutthe auditory canals of owlsthey are slightly vertically different (allows them to detect elevation). they depend at least some degree on vision but audition is important
  65. 65what is echolocation (batty mc batface)emitting incredibly high sound which bounces off other objects. this is optimal to create an image. 60kh interpretation is huge (like fovea)
  66. 66ther eis evidence of echolocation in the blind. how did they test this (teng et al 2012)a physical version of the visual vernier acuity test (which of these 2 objects is to the left/right of another). better results when blindness starts younger. about same precision as visual periphery
  67. 67there is also evidence of echolocation in blind people when they detect where a pole covered in aluminium is (left/right) e.t.c.. it is about 50/50 correctness straight ahead (so not known there). when doing brain scans of this activity, what areas of the brain lit up? (thaler 2011)audition AND VISION!! wowza! this is not present in the control condition of normally sighted people. there was even a suggestion of hemispheric-specific activation in 1 person
  68. 68the convergence angle of eyes increases as the distance of an object _____decreases. we get a more detailed interpretation as an object gets closer than 1m
  69. 69as the eyes converge and diverge, muscles controlling the shape of the eyes ____ and ____ automaticallycontract
    relax
    this keeps things closer to you in focus. this is why people can feel sick using VR
  70. 70what is the benefit of having 2 eyes?stereopsis. this allows us to see camoflague. as it is complex, it only works with inputs from both eyes. when objects are on camoflague there is still a shift to the left on the right eye and vice versa
  71. 71how is the binocular stimulation of receptive fields so specific/if you stimulate both vertical fields in the same time with the preferred response it has a maximum response. there is a limited response in instances of different stimulation or when the spatial quality isnt quite right
  72. 72identical locations on the two retinas are connected to binocular neurons in the cortex that signal ____ strength. however, similar locations signal depthzero
  73. 73what are the 2 ways that light can be described?made up of photons
    a wave
  74. 74what is the shortest visible light wave and the longest visible light wave (colour)shortest - violet - 400nm
    longest -red - 700nm
    also: middle - green - around 550nm
  75. 75what are trichromatic cones? (young-helmholtz trichromatic theory)cones are tunes to either violet (short) red (long) or green (medium), and have maximal absorbtion at one of those points. however, they can see other colours within the range too. this can account for colour blindness, metamers and the colour mixing of lights
  76. 76what casts doubt on the young-helmholtz trichromatic theory? what is hering's opponent process theory?afterimages (e.g. blue canadian flag makes a red afterimage)
    hering proposed that red/green and blue/yellow are paired in an antagonistic relationship (and black/white). each responds in different ways to different wavelengths/intensities of light. though we dont have specific yellow receptors
  77. 77what is the interrelationship between the competition of the young-helmholtz theory and the hering theory of colour perceptionyoung-helmholtz (tricromatic) was correct at the receptor level
    hering was correct at the receptive feild level (ganglion/lgn cells)
  78. 78is there a colour module in the brain?there certainly seems to be buddy
  79. 79what is the science between that stupid dress thingif you see black and blue you assume that illumination is from the front, if you see white and gold you assume that illumination is from behind
  80. 80what are some of our assumptions about an image that have an effect on our impression of colour?our assumptions about
    the composition of the illumination source
    the position of the illumination source
    the reflectance of the object
    the composition of any intervening material
    these preconcieved ideas will change our perception
  81. 81define the stream/bounce paradigmwhen 2 objects converve, overlap, and diverge, you have a 50/50 chance (over time) of seeing them either stream past each other or bounce off one another
  82. 82how can we bias the stream/bounce split?adding sound. sound = bounce, no sound = stream.
  83. 83what greatly improvesour perception of speech (outside of audition) - multisensoryvisual perception of the mouth moving. this greatly helps even though few people are lip readers
  84. 84multi sensory is greater than....the sum of the parts!
  85. 85what gets a faster response? flash beep flash and beepboth! singular are about the same. multisensory integration is greater than the sum of the parts
  86. 86what are some of the modulators for taste?sight
    sound
    smell (V important)
    expectation (somatosensory differences in expecations of sweetness)
  87. 87tell me a bit about perception and why it is so importantit is a primary role of the brain. it determines what is out there in the world, and allows us to decide on the most appropriate action/behaviour in response you have to know WHATS GOING ON so you can figure out WHAT TO DO - pivotal to survival
  88. 88to determine what is óut there', you need to do what three things?gather information
    interpret that information
    represent that information (reconstruct it in your head)
  89. 89why is multisensory perception so important?- different modalities can substitute when individually compromised
    - different fields of operation (touch/smell/ taste for close and vision/hearing for far)
    - resolve ambiguities between modalities (stream / bounce)
    - create novel representations (flavour)
    - combine to get better (a/v/av)
  90. 90what is the redundant targets effect? what are the 2 models that try to explain it?AV (audio visual) > a or v
    this is redundant as the additional stimulus does not provide any additional information
    statistical facilitation and neural coactivation
  91. 91describe statistical facilitaiton in the framework of the redundant targets effect. explain also why it cannot explain the full effect.it claims that both elements of AV are processed along independent channels. the one that reaches the output stage triggers the first response (the winner will be faster than the average). however, people's responses are too fast to be explained by this phenomena
  92. 92describe neural coactivation in the framework of the redundant targets effect.both components of a redundant signal influence the response on a single trial. activation builds faster when provided with two sources rather than just one
  93. 93the sensory environment is very complex, and a key function of multi-sensory integration is to dissociate between stimuli from different sources and a single source. integration: what to bind, what to segregatethis is influenced by temporal coincidence, spatial coincidence, temporal patterning, (ALL BOTTOM UP/OBJECTIVE) {} crossmodal correspondance, {} stored knowledge, context, recent experience, expectation and attention (ALL TOP DOWN/SUBJECTIVE)
  94. 94what does the stream/bounce phenomenon tell us about contextwe start off with 50/50 but the addition of sound disambiguates the percept. therefore, when we go back to no sound, we more readily think there is a stream
  95. 95how does the cursor stream/bounce paradigm inform us on expectation?over time, without the sound as a stimulus, there was an expectation toward a bounce as indicated by cursor movement
  96. 96there are a minimum of 32 visual areas in the brain, 15 auditory and 8 somatosensory. what are the areas that combine these called?multimodal brain areas
  97. 97tell me a bit about the superior colliculus (one of the three multimodal brain areas)located in the dorsal surface of the midbrain. has the superior and inferior colliculi (4 bumps). responsible for reflexive orienting to stimuli and produces motor actions. converges vis/aud/somatosensory and controls eye/ear/head movement. its a multilayered structure (7). 5 are superficial and visual. deeper are multisensory with overlapping receptive fields. it has a central role in integrating info.
  98. 98in the context of multisensory enhancement, what is super-additivity and sub-additivity IN SUPERIOR COLLICULIsuper additivity: greater than the sum of the parts, or from singular inpults such as V or A
    sub-additivity: a suppression of inappropriate (incoherent/misaligned) stimuli
  99. 99what are the three drivers of multisensory enhancement (or super-additivity)? IN SUPERIOR COLLICULIspatial rule (same region)
    temporal rule (same time)
    principle of inverse effectiveness (Greater for weaker stimuli than strong (rememebr 4+4=8 and 1+1=8?))
  100. 100tell me a bit about the superior temporal sulcus (STS) (one of the three multi modal brain areas that we talked about)its a region involved in audio-visual speech processing (e.g. the mcGurk effect ba/fa (left STS TMS limits this effect)). however this area has plasticity and the role has moved to the right side with left damage before.
  101. 101tell me a bit about the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) (one of the three multi modal brain areas that we talked about). what does tms in this area cause?plays a critical role in functions related to the attentional allocation of of unimodal and multisensory processing. tms in this area causes a deficit in the flash-beep illusion and the stream bounce effect
  102. 102the v1 (primary visual cortex) and the a1 (primary auditory cortex) have multisensory properties!:)
  103. 103define flash fusion in the context of the flash beep illusiona single flash being percieved as 2 (2 beeps) accompanies an enhancement of visual acuity. double flash being percieved as 1 (1 beep) relates to a decrease in v1 activity (this shows the interaction between auditory and visual latency)

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Psychology (PSYC2020) Flashcards on Quiz Deus, created by Jess Mead on 05/05/2018.
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