1535694
Description
Flashcards by Susannah Mackenz, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Susannah Mackenz
over 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Transduction | Physical stimuli converted into nerve impulses |
| Psychophysics | Relationship between physical stimuli and senSory CAPABILITIES |
| There are ___major branches of psychophysics. | 2 |
| 2 branches of psychophysics? | Limits of sensitivity Difference between sensitivity |
| 2 Branches of psychophysics? | Absolute limits: softest sound or weakest salt conc'n humans can detect; level of intensity a human can detect in a certain amt, of time Difference: "magnitude of the smallest difference between two stimuli of differing intensities that the participant is able to detect." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychophysics |
| Absolute threshold | Lowest intensity at which a stimuli can be detected 50 percent of time. |
| Lower the threshold, ___the sensitivity | Greater |
| STUDY | Absolute threshold for the major senses |
| standard of how certain they must be that a stimulus is present before they will say they detect it | Decision criterion |
| Signal detection theory | Concerned with the factors that influence sensory judgement; rewards, punishments, expectations, and motivational rewards |
| Affected by characteristics of the participants and nature of the situation | Stimulus present? Yes or no Participants response? Yes or no 4 case scenarios |
| Difference threshold | Smallest difference BETWEEN TWO STIMULI perceived 50 percent of the time |
| Compare difference and absolute threshold. | Difference threshold: the smallest difference between two stimuli perceived 50 percent of the time Absolute threshold: The smallest intensity of stimulus that can be perceived 50 percent of the time |
| WEBER'S LAW **** | STUDY**** |
| Subliminal stimulus | Received by senses but NOT perceived correctly. Weak and brief -Subconscious mind |
| diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus with the passage of time as sensory neurons habituate to the stimulation | Sensory adaptation |
| Sensation refers to the activities by which our sense organs receive and transmit information, whereas perception involves the brain's processing and interpretation of the information. | Sensation vs perception |
| Normal stimulus for vision? | EMR |
| The portion of the visual stimuli that we perceive is? | Colour: visible portion of EMR |
| How does red compare to blue? | Red: higher wavelength, lower frequency Blue: Lower wavelength, higher frequency |
| Cornea | Transparent protective structure at front of the eye |
| Behind cornea? | Pupil; adjustable; dilates and constricts to let more or less light through |
| Iris | Regulates size of the pupil |
| Ciliary muscles STUDY | Regulate shape of lens |
| Image entering eye is ____ by the lens and then ____on the retina, which contains ______cells. | reversed; cast; photoreceptor |
| Thinner to focus on distant objects; thicker to focus on nearby objects; | lens |
| behind pupil; reverses image and focuses it on the retina | lens |
| near-sightedness; light focused before retina; eyeball longer than normal | Myopia |
| Hyperopia | Far-sightedness; short eyeball; light focuses to far from retina; lens does not thicken enough Common among older people |
| Label? | A-Ganglion cells B- Bipolar cells C-Rod and Cone cells D-Optic nerve F-Eye E-Light |
| STUDY: PARTS OF THE EYE | STUDY |
| STUDY: PATHWAY THROUGH RETINA | STUDY |
| STUDY | CONCAVE VS CONVEX |
| RODS | -Brightness -Black and white - 500 times more sensitive to light than cones -Function best in dim light -120 million rods (MUCH more rods than cones) |
| cones | 6 million cones (not nearly as much as rods) Function best in bright settings Less sensitive to light than cones |
| Cones ___ in concentration? Rods? | No rods in fovea. Periphery of retina contains mostly rods Cones decrease in conc'n farther away from retina |
| Bipolar cells | Connections between rods and cones |
| Ganglion cells | Synapse with bipolar cells; axons form optic nerve |
| Visual acuity | Ability to see finer detail; better when light focused on the fovea |
| Rods and cones translate light waves into nerve impulses through the action of protein molecules called | Photopigments |
| is the progressive improvement in brightness sensitivity that occurs over time under conditions of low illumination | Dark adaptation |
| Trichromatic theory | the colour vision theory originally advanced by Young and Helmholtz that there are three types of colour receptors in the retina and that combinations of activation of these receptors can produce perception of any hue in the visible spectrum |
| the theory proposed by Hering that the retina contains three sets of colour receptors that respond differentially to red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white; the opponent processes that result can produce a perception of any hue | Opponent-process theory |
| Dual-process theory | he modern colour vision theory that posits cones that are sensitive to red, blue, and green, and opponent processes at the level of ganglion cells and beyond |
| Colour blindness? | study |
| the area of the occipital lobe which receives impulses generated from the retina via the thalamus and analyzes visual input by using its feature detectors | Primary visual cortex |
| sensory neurons that respond to particular features of a stimulus, such as its shape, angle, or colour | Feature detectors |
| Parallel processing | our ability to use our senses to take in a variety of information about an object and construct a unified image of its properties |
| cortical areas in the occipital, parietal, and temporal lobes that analyze visual stimuli sent to the primary visual cortex in relation to stored knowledge and that establish the “meaning” of the stimuli | Visual association cortex |
| is the technical measure of cycles per second | Hertz (Hz) |
| the number of sound waves, or cycles, per second | Frequency |
| refers to the vertical size of the sound waves—that is, to the amount of compression and expansion of the molecules in the conducting medium. | Amplitude |
| The sound wave's ______ is the primary determinant of the sound's perceived loudness | Amplitude |
| Differences in amplitude are expressed as_____ , a measure of the physical pressures that occur at the eardrum | decibels (db) |
| a small coil-shaped structure of the inner ear that contains the receptors for sound | Cochlea |
| a membrane that runs the length of the cochlea and contains the organ of Corti and its sound receptor hair cells | Basilar membrane |
| study | parts and functions of the ear |
| study | pathway of sound through ear |
| structure embedded in the basilar membrane that contains the hair cell receptors for sound | organ of Corti |
| the theory of pitch perception that holds that the number of nerve impulses sent to the brain by the hair cells of the cochlea corresponds to the frequency of the sound wave; this theory is accurate at low frequencies | Frequency theory |
| the theory of pitch perception that holds that sound frequencies are coded in terms of the portion of the basilar membrane where the fluid wave in the cochlea peaks; this theory accounts for perception of frequencies above 4000 Hz | Place theory |
| Conduction deafness | hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea |
| hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlear receptor cells or the auditory nerve | Nerve deafness |
| Gustation | the sense of taste |
| Olfaction | Sense of smell |
| are chemical senses because their receptors are sensitive to chemical molecules rather than to some form of energy | Gustation and olfaction |
| the receptors for taste in the tongue and in the roof and back of the mouth that are sensitive to the qualities of sweet, sour, salty, and bitter | Taste buds |
| Olfactory bulb | a forebrain structure immediately above the nasal cavity |
| chemical signals found in natural body scents | Pheromones |
| The tendency for some women who live together over time to become more similar to one another in the timing of their menstrual cycles | Menstrual synchrony |
| theory that proposes that the experience of pain results from the opening and closing of “gating mechanisms” in the nervous system | Gate-control theory |
| Endorphin | natural opiate-like substances that are involved in pain reduction |
| the body sense that provides feedback on the position and movements of our body parts | Kinesthesis |
| the sense of body orientation or equilibrium | Vestibular sense |
| devices that provide sensory input that can, to some extent, substitute for what blind and deaf people are not supplied by their sensory receptors | Sensory prosthetic devices |
| Bottom-up processing. | The system takes in individual elements of the stimulus and combines them in a unified perception |
| Top-down processing | Sensory information interpreted in the light of existing knowledge, concepts, ideas, and expectations |
| Perception is selective . People are given | Shadowing |
| Shadowing | Perception is selective. People given two messages at only time can only resay one. |
| Unattentional blindness. | The failure of unattended stimuli to register in consciousness |
| Unattentionsl blindness | When someone has poor attention to stimuli and cannot see some stimuli |
| Figure ground relations | When there is a focus stimulus perceived as being in front of a background stimulus. |
| Gestalt laws | Laws of perceptual organization advanced by gestalt psychologists. Similarity, closure, continuity, proximity |
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Image:
LASIK_Diagram (image/jpg)
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The pathway of light through the eye |
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Image:
ISFG00439_Eye (image/jpg)
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Image:
pas77416_0506_lg (image/jpg)
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Label eye and retina layers |
| STUDY: | Retina processing of light |
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