Flashcards
Psychology- attachment
Cards in this deck (91)
- 1What are the two types of caregiver-infant interactions ?Reciprocity
Interactional synchrony - 2What are ‘alert phases’ for babies ?When babies signal they are ready for interaction
- 3What is reciprocity ?An interaction is reciprocal when each person responds to the other and elicits a response from them
- 4What is interactional synchrony ?The temporal co-ordination of micro level social behaviour.
Actions that mirror each other - 5Describe the procedure of interactional synchrony.-an adult displayed one of three facial expressions or one of three distinctive gestures. The child’s response was filmed and identified by observers.
An association was found between expression or gesture.
They found high levels of synchrony were associated with better quality attachment - 6What is said to be the role of the father ?Fathers roles are more to do with play and stimulation and less to do with nurturing
- 7What was the investigation that looked at fathers as primary carers?Tiffany field- filmed 4 month old babies in face to face interaction with primary caregiver mothers, primary caregiver fathers and secondary caregiver fathers. Primary caregiver fathers like mother spent more time smiling and imitating.
- 8What are the three evaluation points for caregiver-infant interactions ?-hard to observe infants
- observations capture fine detail
- observations don’t tell us the purpose of synchrony and reciprocity - 9What are the three evaluation points for attachment figures ?-inconsistent findings on fathers
-why aren’t children without fathers different
-why don’t fathers generally become primary attachments - 10What is the Schaffer and Emerson study procedure?-involved 60 babies all from Glasgow. Babies and mothers were visited at home every month for first year and then at 18 months. Researchers ask questions about protest shown in separation.
- 11What is the Schaffer and Emerson findings ?-between 25 and 32 weeks 50% had shown signs of stranger anxiety towards a particular adult
-attachment tended to be to the caregiver who was most interactive
-by the age of 40 weeks 80% had a specific attachment and 30% displayed multiple attachments - 12What are the evaluation points for Schaffer and Emerson study ?-good external validity ( own home )
-longitudinal design ( same children followed up and observed regularly)
-limited sample characteristics (same district and social class) - 13What are the 4 stages of attachment? Briefly explain each one ..1)asocial stage (similar behaviour towards both objects and humans)
2)indiscriminate attachment (preference to people)
3)specific attachment (primary attachment formed)
4) multiple attachments (secondary attachments formed) - 14What are the evaluation points for stages of attachment ?-problem studying asocial stage
-conflicting evidence on multiple attachments
-measuring multiple attachment - 15What are the two animal studies of attachment ?Lorenzs
Harlow - 16Explain the procedure and findings of lorenz’ study ?Procedure - divided clutch of goose eggs. Half were hatched with mother goose other was hatched in incubator with Lorenz being first thing seen
Findings- when groups were mixed the geese followed those they were hatched with - 17What was the evaluation points of lorenz’ research ?-generalisability to humans
- observations have been questioned - 18Describe the procedure of Harlow research ?Reared 16 baby monkeys with two wire models. In one milk was dispensed by plain wire mother and other was dispensed by cloth mother
- 19What are the findings of Harlow research ?- baby monkeys cuddled soft object in preference when frightened
- shows contact comfort was of more importance than food - 20What were some consequences in adulthood of maternal deprivation ?Aggressive
Non sociable
Unskilled at mating
Neglected their young - 21What are the evaluation points of harlows research?-theoretical value
- practical value
-ethical issues - 22what is the theoretical value of Harlow's research?His research had a profound effect on psychologists understanding of human mother-infant attachment. He also showed that attachment doesn't develop as a result of feeding but contact comfort. This shows us the importance of relationships
- 23what is the practical value of Harlow's research?It had important applications in a range of practical contexts eg helps social workers understand risk factors in child neglect. We now understand the importance of proper attachment figures.
- 24what is classical conditioning ?learning to associate two stimuli together so we begin to respond to them in the same way
- 25what is a neutral stimulus?a thing that produces a neutral response
- 26what is operant conditioning?learning whether to repeat a behaviour or not depending on its consequences
- 27how can you use operant conditioning to explain why a baby cries?crying leads to a caregiver responding. As long as the caregiver provides the correct response this is repeated. The baby directs crying at a caregiver for comfort and this leads to a response of social suppressing behaviour
- 28how does classical conditioning explain the link between food and pleasure?US-food ------> UR-pleasure
NS-mother ------> no response
US and NS - food and mother -----> UR-pleasure
CS-mother -----> CR-pleasure - 29what are the three evaluation points for learning theory and attachment ?-counter evidence from animal research
-counter evidence from human research
-ignores other factors associated with attachment - 30what is the counter evidence from animal research for learning theory ?A range of animal studies have shown young animals don't necessarily attach to those who feed them. Lorenz geese imprinted before fed. Harlow's- monkeys preferred soft surrogate to wired one that dispensed milk
- 31what is the counter evidence to learning theory? (human research)Shaffer and Emerson study showed many babies developed primary attachment to mother even though carers did most feeding. This shows feeding is not a key element to attachment.
- 32what factors associated with forming attachments does the learning theory ignore and why is this a limitation?It is suggested quality of attachment is associated with factors like reciprocity and synchrony. Also it is known that best quality attachments are with sensitive carers. If attachment developed purely due to feeding there would be no need for these other interactions.
- 33what was the main ideas of Bowlby's theory ?imprinting and attachment evolved because they ensure young animals stay close to their caregivers and this protects from hazards.
- 34why is Bowlby' theory described as monotropic?because he placed great emphasis on a child' attachment to one specific caregiver and this attachment is seen as different and more important than others.
- 35what were Bowlby' two rules?law of continuity- the more constant and predictable a child' behaviour the better quality of attachment
law of accumulated separation- effects of every separation from the mother add up - 36what are social releasers ?Bowlby suggested that babies are born with a set of innate cute behaviours like smiling, cooing and gripping that encourage attention from adults
- 37what is the sensitive period?around two years when attachment system is most active. A child is maximally sensitive at the age of two but if an attachment is not formed in this time it is much harder to form one later
- 38What is the internal working model?mental representation of their relationship with primary caregiver. It has a powerful effect on the nature of a child' future relationship.
- 39what are the three evaluation points for Bowlby' theory?-mixed evidence for monotropy
-support for social releasers
-support for internal working model - 40what is the mixed evidence for monotropy?Bowlby believed babies formed one attachment to primary caregiver and only after this was established could a child form more. Schaffer and Emerson went against this and found some babies formed multiple attachments at same time.
- 41what is the support for social releasers? (Bowlby's theory)Brazleton et al observed mother and babies. Primary figures were asked to ignore babies signals. They showed some distress but when attachment figures continued to ignore the baby, some responded by lying motionless. The fact children reacted so strongly supports Bowlby
- 42what is the support for internal working models ? (Bowlby's theory)Bailey et al- assessed 99 mothers with 1 year old babies on quality of attachment to mothers using standard interview. It was found that mothers who reported poor attachments to own parents had poor attachments with own child. This supports Bowlby's
- 43what is strange situation?controlled observation procedure designed to measure security of attachment a child displays towards caregiver. It takes place in two way mirror and behaviour is observed
- 44what are the behaviours used to judge attachment?proximity seeking
exploration and secure base behaviour
stranger anxiety
separation anxiety
response to reunion - 45what are the 7 epsiodes of the strange situation procedure?-child encouraged to explore
-stranger comes in and try's to interact
-caregiver leaves child and stranger
-caregiver returns, stranger leaves
-caregiver leaves child alone
-stranger returns
-caregiver returns andd reunited with child - 46what are the three attachment types?secure attachment
insecure avoidant
insecure resistant - 47explain the characteristics of a child with a secure attachment type?secure- explore happily but regularly go back to caregiver, moderate separation distress, moderate stranger anxiety. accept comfort from reunion stage
- 48explain the characteristics of a child with insecure avoidant attachment ?explore freely but don't seek proximity, show little or no reaction when caregiver leaves and make little effort to make contact when caregiver returns. They show little stranger anxiety
- 49explain the characteristics of a insecure resistant attachment child?seek greater proximity and explore less. They show huge stranger and separation distress. resist comfort when reunited with carer.
- 50what are the three evaluation points for strange situation?-support for validity
-good reliability
-test may be culture bound - 51what is the validity support for Ainsworth's strange situation ?babies assessed as secure typically go on to have better outcomes in areas such as success and romantic relationships. insecure resistant is associated with the worst outcomes such as bullying. This is support for validity as it explains subsequent outcomes
- 52why is strange situation said to have good reliability ?inter-rater reliability. Different observers generally agree on attachment type. This may be because it takes place under controlled conditions. Bick et al found 94% agreement for attachment type. This means attachment type doesn't depend on the individual observing
- 53why is Ainsworth' study said to be culture bound?-cultural differences in childhood experiences mean children react differently to strange situation
-caregivers from different cultures behave differently. eg- it is said the test doesn't work in Japan as babies are so rarely separated from their mothers meaning hard to observe - 54what was the study conducted by van IJzendoorn ?researchers located 32 studies of attachment where strange situation had been used. They were conducted in 8 countries. 15 were in USA and the results were for 1990 children. These were meta analysed
- 55what were the findings of Van IJzendoorn meta analysis?In all countries secure was the most common attachment type. 75% in Britain and 50% in china. insecure resistant was the least common (3% in Britain). Insecure avoidant was most common in countries such as Germany and least common Japan
- 56what was the Italian study for cultural variations? What was found?Simonella- assessed 76 12 month olds using strange situation.
50% were secure. 36% insecure avoidant. This is a low amount of secure compared to other countries. It is suggested this is because increasing number of mothers work long hours and use child care - 57what was the Korean study for cultural variation? what were the findings?jin et al- strange situation used to assess 87 children.
Most infants were secure. More than seen in other countries were insecure resistant and one was insecure avoidant. This is similar to japan as they have similar child rearing techniques - 58what are the three evaluation points of cultural variation in attachment?-large samples
-samples unrepresentative of culture
-method of assessment is biased - 59why are cultural variation studies said to be unrepresentative of culture?comparisons were between countries not culture. Within countries there are different child rearing techniques. It was found that distributions of attachment in Tokyo was similar to western studies however a more rural sample had over representation of insecure-resistant.
- 60why is cultural variation studies said to be biased?1Strange situation was designed by an American therefore is argued whether it can be applied to other cultures. Trying to apply a theory or technique designed for one culture to another is called imposed etic. Eg some countries may see avoidant behaviour as normal
- 61what is etic and emic?etic- cultural universals
emic- cultural uniqueness - 62What is the difference between separation and deprivation?separation- the child not being in the presence of the primary attachment figure
deprivation- when this separation becomes an issue for the child's development (lose an element of care) - 63What was said to be the critical period for psychological development?first 30 months.
- 64How does maternal deprivation affect a child' intellectual development?It was believed that if a baby was a deprived of maternal care for too long during the critical period they would have a lower IQ. This has been shown in studies of attachment.
- 65How was maternal deprivation said to affect emotional development?Affectionless psychopathy was identified as an inability to experience guilt or strong emotion for others. This prevents the development of normal relationships
- 66What was the procedure for Bowlby's 44 thieves study ?44 criminal teenagers accused of stealing were interviewed for signs of affectionless psychopathy. There families were also interviewed to see whether the 'thieves' had experienced early separations.
- 67what were the findings of Bowlby's 44 thieves study?14/44 thieves could be described as affectionless psychopaths. 12 of these had experienced prolonged separation in the first two years of their lives. It was concluded that prolonged early separation deprivation caused affectionless psychopathy
- 68what are the three evaluation points for Bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation?-poor evidence
-counter evidence
-critical period is more of a sensitive period - 69why is evidence for maternal deprivation said to be poor?Bowlby drew evidence from ww2 studies and orphanages. These are all flawed as there are extraneous variables such a trauma, poor after care and deprivation of other factors of care. Also, Bowlby conducted these studies knowing what he wanted to find which suggest there is bias
- 70what is the counter evidence for Bowlby's maternal deprivation study?Hilda Lewis- partially replicated 44 thieves study on a larger scale looking at 500 young people. A sample of early prolonged separation from the mother did not predict criminality. This suggests other factors may affect the outcome
- 71what is the evidence that suggests the critical period is more of a sensitive period ?A case of twin boys from Czech who were isolated from the age of 18 months until they were 7 years old. They were later looked after and adopted by two loving adults and were said to fully recover.
- 72what was the procedure of Rutters ERA study?They followed a group of 165 Romanian orphans adopted in Britain to test what extent good care could make up for poor early experiences in institutions. Physical, cognitive and emotional development has been assessed at ages 4,6,11 and 15 years
- 73what were the findings of Rutter's ERA study?first arrived-1/2 adoptees showed signs of delayed intellectual development
Mean IQ of those adopted before 6 months was 102 compared to 86 for those adopted between 6 months and 2 years. These differences remained at age 16. - 74what did Rutter ERA find out about attachment styles in his study?Those adopted after 6 months showed signs of disinhibited attachment. Symptoms include attention seeking, clinginess and social behaviour.
Those children adopted after 6 months didn't show this attachment type. - 75what was the procedure of the Bucharest intervention project?assessed attachment in 95 children aged 12-31 months who had spent most their lives in institutions. They were compared to 50 children as a control. The attachment type was measured using strange situation.
- 76What were the findings of Bucharest early intervention project?74% of control group came out as secure
19% of institutionalisation group were secure
65% had disorganised attachment - 77what is disinhibited attachment? What is said to be the cause of this?they are equally friendly and affectionate towards people they know and strangers
This is described as an adaptation to living with multiple caregivers during sensitive period - 78what are the three evaluation points of Romanian orphan studies?strength- real life application
strength- fewer extraneous variables than other orphan studies
limitation - romanian orphanages were not typical - 79how can Romanian orphan studies be applied in real life?This has led to improvements in the way children are cared for in institutions. For example, they now try to avoid having multiple caregivers. They have one or two main caregivers for each child. Helps to avoid disinhibited attachment
- 80How are Romanian orphan studies seen as having fewer extraneous variables? why is this a strength?Many studies before these involved children who had experienced loss, neglect or trauma etc. It was therefore hard to identify the effects of institutionalisation as the children were suffering with other cofounding participant variables. Increases internal validity
- 81explain the evaluation point of Romanian orphan studies "they were not typical"?It is possible that conditions were so bad that results cant be applied to understanding the impact of better quality institutional care. This is a limitation as unusual situational variables means study may lack generalisability
- 82What is the main idea of the internal working model (Bowlby)It acts as a template for future relationships based on a child's attachment with primary caregiver
- 83Using internal working model suggest what later lifes would be like for individuals with a) Loving first relationships b)Bad experiences of first attachmenta) Will seek out functional relationships, seen to be more successful in school, careers and later relationships/ friendships
b) Struggle to form and maintain relationships - 84How did peter smith and rowan asses attachment type and bullying involvement. What was found?using questionnaires. 196 children aged 7-11 were involved. Secure children were unlikely to be involved in bullying. Insecure avoidant were most likely to be victims of bullying and insecure resistant were most likely to be bullies
- 85Who conducted the study on relationships in adulthood with romantic partners ?Cindy Hazan and Philip shaver.
- 86What was the procedure used by Cindy and Philip when studying relationships in adulthood with romantic partners? (love quiz)They analysed 620 replies to a 'love quiz' printed in an American newspaper. It had 3 sections. 1st assessed current or most important relationship. 2nd assessed general love experiences. 3rd assessed by asking respondents to choose which statement best described their feelings
- 87What were the findings of the love quiz study?59% were identified as securely attached, 25% insecure avoidant and 19% insecure resistant. Those seen as secure were seen to have longer romantic experiences. Insecure avoidant showed signs of jealousy and fear of intimacy.
- 88What are the three evaluation points of the 'Influence of early attachment on later relationships'limitation- evidence on continuity of attachment type is mixed
limitation- most studies have issues of validity
limitation- Association does not mean casuality - 89what is the mixed evidence on continuity of attachment type? why is this a limitation?Internal working model predicts continuity between attachment and later relationships. Some studies like McCarthy provides evidence to support internal working model. Zimmerman however assessed infant attachment and adolescent attachment to parents and found very little relationship.
- 90What are the validity issues in studies involving early attachment and later relationships?Most studies assess infant parent attachment through interviews or questionnaires years later. This is an issue due to self report techniques relying on honest and realistic views. Another issue is looking back at earlier relationships relies on accurate recollections
- 91explain the evaluation point of attachment and relationships "association does not mean casualty"?A third factor such as parenting style may have a direct effect on attachment and ability to form later relationships. Another factor may be a child's temperament. This is a limitation as you cant say the internal working model is what causes these later outcomes
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- AS level Psychology (Attachment - year 1) Flashcards on Psychology- attachment , created by Tamsin Copland on 03/11/2018.
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