Flashcards
OCR Cognitive Psychology: Memory
Cards in this deck (36)
- 1What two studies relate to the key theme of memory?Loftus and Palmer
Grant et al - 2What is schema theory?Memory is influenced by what we already know and use past experiences to deal with new stimuli
- 3How many experiments did Loftus and Palmer carry out?Two
- 4What was the aim of Loftus and Palmer's first experiment?To see if information supplied after an event (post event discussion) influences a witness's memory for that event
- 5What type of experiment was Loftus and Palmer's first experiment?Lab experiment
- 6What was the experimental design for Loftus and Palmer's first study?Independent measures design
- 7What were the independent and dependent variables in Loftus and Palmer's first experiment?IV= The verb used in the critical question
DV= The participants' speed estimate in mph - 8How many participants were in Loftus and Palmer's first experiment? Where did they come from?45 students from the University of Washington
- 9How many conditions were there and what were they?5
Smashed, collidied, bumped, hit, contacted - 10What was the procedure for Loftus and Palmer's first experiment?Participants watched a video clip of a car crash and had to answer a questionaire afterwards with filler questions to reduce demand characteristics and one critical queastion, "how fast were the cars going when they (verb) into eachother?". There speed estimates were recorded
- 11What were the speed estimates for the "smashed" and "contacted" conditions?Smashed= 40.8mph
Contacted= 31.8mph - 12What two explanations did Loftus and Palmer make for their results?Memory distortion: The memory of the event was distorted by the verb used. for example, "smashed" makes it seem more intense
Response bias: Participants cant exactly remember the speed so adjust thier answers to fit the expectation of the verb. For example, "smashed" makes ir sound worse - 13What was the aim of Loftus and Palmer's second experiment?To investigate whether distorting your memory with one aspect of an event can lead to distortion of other aspects
- 14What type of study was Loftus and Palmer's second experiment?Lab experiment
- 15What experimental design was used in Loftus and Palmer's second experiment?Independent measures design
- 16What were the independent and dependent variables in Loftus and Palmer's second experiment?IV= The verb asked in the leading question
DV= Whether or not the participant claimed to see brocken glass (yes/no) - 17How many conditions were there in Loftus and Palmer's second experiment and what were they?3
"smashed" , "hit" or a control group - 18How many participants were there in Loftus and Palmer's second experiment and where did they come from?150 students from the University of Washington
- 19What was the procedure of Loftus and Palmer's second experiment?Participants had to watch a clip containing a four second car crash and were then questioned about it. 50 participants were asked "how fast were the cars going when they hit each other", 50 were asked the same question but with "hit" rather than "smashed" and 50 weren't asked about the speed of the car. One week later, participants came back and were asked filler questions along with "did you see any brocken glass" (critical question)
- 20What were the results from experiment two of Loftus and Palmer's study?Smashed condition, yes = 16
Hit condition, yes = 7 - 21What two conclusions can be drawn from the results in Loftus and Palmer's second experiment?-Leading questions have a significant effect on memory
-Memory is actually quite reliable as most people said no - 22What is a reconstructive hypothesis?Two sources of information form memory of an event, information percieved at the time of the event and information percieved after the event. Over time, these two sources merge together so we are unable to distinmgush from which source the memory information came from
- 23State two strengths of Loftus and Palmer's study+Controlled lab experiment (no order effects)
+Useful application (no leading questions in interviews) - 24State two limitations of Loftus and Palmer's study-Lacks ecological validity
-Unrepresentative sample (only students) - 25Define context dependent memoryRefers to improved recall of specific information when the context presnt at encoding and retrieval are the same
- 26What was the aim of Grant's study?He aimed to show that environmental context can have a more positive effect on performance in a meaningful memory test when it takes place in the same environment it was learned in
- 27What type of experiment was it and what was the experimental design used?Lab experiment with independent measures design
- 28What were the independent (two) and dependent variables in Grant's study?IV= Whether they read the araticle in the silent or noisy condition
IV= Whether they were teasted under matching conditions
DV= How well the participants performed on the two tests, short answer questions and multiple choice - 29How was the sample obtained in Grant's study and how many participants were there?Eight researchersd were asked to select five students which produced 39 people, as one was removed for being too good, aged between 17 and 56.
Opportunity sampling - 30What was the procedure for Grant's study?Participants were given headphones, which everyone had to wear even in silent condition, and in the noisy condition noise from a cafe was played. Particpants had to read a 2 page article on psychoimmunology (the study of the connection between the mind and immunity) and study it. They waited two minutes and then were asked 10 short answer questions and then 16 multiple choice answers. The test conditions were determined by the condition they were in.
- 31What was the mean results for short answer questions in the "silent, silent" condition and "silent, noisy"?Silent, silent= 6.7
Silent, noisy= 4.6 - 32What conclusions can be drawn from the results in Grant's study?The thoery of context dependent memory has been supported and environmental context forms part of the schema so aids recall
- 33State two strengths of Grant's study+Representative sample with ages from 17-56
+Controlled lab experiment - 34State two weaknesses of Grant's study-Demand characteristics as participants were friends with the researchers
-Lacks ecological validty as participants in silent conditio still wore headphones which is unrealistic - 35State two similarities between the studies conducted by Loftus and Palmer and Grant-Both used a lab experiment
-Both used independent measures design - 36State two differences between the studies conducted by Loftus and Palmer and Grant-Loftus and Palmer had a larger sample
-They both tested differnet parts of memory, Loftus and Palmer tested the recall process and Grant tested the encoding process
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- A level Psychology (Cognitive Psychology) Flashcards on OCR Cognitive Psychology: Memory, created by Sam Gunnell on 07/02/2019.
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- Sam Gunnell
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