Flashcards
Chapter 10: Altered Neuronal Transmission
Cards in this deck (32)
- 1chromatolysisthe swelling of a neuron because of injury
- 2atrophydecrease in size of a cell (neuron)
- 3neuronophagiaphagocytosis and inflammatory responses caused by dead neuron damaging neighboring cells
- 4intraneuronal inclusionsdistinctive structures formed in the nucleus or cytoplasm
- 5sulcifissures of the brain
- 6gyriirregular convolutions on the surface of the brain
- 7gray matterthe tissue of the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, and thalamus; primarily composed of cell bodies
- 8white matterother brain structures composed primarily of myelinated axons and dendrites
- 9blood-brain barrier (BBB)This protects the brain from exposure to potentially hazardous substances by reduced permeability in the capillaries that supply the brain/ transports substances in a selective manner because of tight junctions in endothelial cells lining capillaries of the brain
- 10astrogliosisin the CNS, astrocytes respond to local tissue injury through proliferation, forming a "glial scar"
- 11microglial nodulesReactive changes seen in the microglia include extension of the nucleus. They are "rod cells" in this state; when joined together with astrocytes, microglia combine to form these:
- 12paresthesiaabnormal sensation such as burning, pricking, tickling, or tingling
- 13quadriplegiaparalysis of all four extremities
- 14focal ischemiainadequate perfusion to neurologic tissue; confined to a specific brain region
- 15global ischemiaischemic injury occurs when there is inadequate perfusion to neurologic tissue; includes larger areas of brain tissue
- 16contralateralopposite
- 17glutamatethe main excitatory neurotransmitter in the body, active in the promotion of higher-order functions. The effects are exerted when it binds to its receptors, stimulating a cascade of signal transduction events
- 18papilledemaedema of the optic disc
- 19dermatomesbody regions to which spinal nerves transmit impulses
- 20distal axonopathyaxonal degeneration from necrosis in response to significant injury to cell body or axon to neuron, causing inflammatory response and phagocytosis of cellular debris/ the injury will affects cells in distal areas of the body such as the hands and feet
- 21neuronopathyaxonal degeneration occurs from damage to the cell body
- 22mononeuropathynerve trauma limited to a single are; related to neuronopathy; i.e. carpal tunnel syndrome
- 23polyneuropathyperipheral nerve damage involving multiple axons; usually occurs secondary to disease processes such as MS, DM, nutrient deficiency, and toxic agents such as arsenic
- 24spasticinability of muscles to relax
- 25athetoid or dyskineticinability to control muscle movement
- 26ataxicinability to control balance and coordination
- 27tonica state of continuous muscle contraction
- 28clonicrapid succession of alternating muscle contractions and relaxations
- 29demyelinationdegeneration of myelin
- 30pseudobulbar affectuncontrollable laughing or crying effect
- 31nystagmusirregular eye movements
- 32hyrdocephalus"hydro" meaning water and "cephalus" meaning head; condition of increased ventricular and subarachnoid accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid