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Anatomy and physiology

Matilda matthews Dental Technology undergraduate English 104 cards

Cards in this deck (104)

  1. 1Define: Anatomy & PhysiologyAnatomy - The branch of science concerned with the bodily structure of humans, animals, and other living organisms, especially as revealed by dissection and the separation of parts.
    Physiology - The branch of biology that deals with the normal functions of living organisms and their parts.
  2. 2What are the three primary planes?- The Sagittal plane.
    - The Transverse plane.
    - The Coronal (also called the frontal) plane.
  3. 3What are tooth notations used to identify, and what are the three most popular?Used to identify individual teeth in the upper and lower dental arches using numbers or letters.
    The Zsigmondy/Palmer system.
    The Universal system.
    The FDI/two-digit system.
  4. 4What criteria should a tooth notation follow according to Manjunatha?Manjunatha suggests that a tooth numbering system should fulfil the following criteria. They must:
    - Be simple to understand and teach.
    - Be easy to pronounce in conversation and dictation.
    - Readily communicable in print.
    - Easy to translate into data processing systems (Manjunatha, 2013, p.24).
  5. 5Describe the Zsigmondy/Palmer Notation systemThe Zsigmondy tooth notation system was first published in 1861 by Viennese dentist Adolf Zsigmondy (Corydon Palmer proposed an almost identical system in 1870 hence the duel name). Zsigmondy proposed a grid/quadrant system for identifying permanent teeth. The permanent teeth are numbered 1-8 beginning with the central incisor (1), through to the third molar (8). The deciduous teeth are labelled A-E also beginning with the central incisor (A), through to the second molar (E).
  6. 6Describe the Universal notation systemThe Universal system was proposed by German dentist Julius Parreidt in 1882. This system is most widely used in the USA and parts of Canada. This is because it was adopted by the American Dental Association (ADA) in 1984 who subsequently promoted its use. The system numbers teeth in permanent dentition clockwise from 1 to 32 starting with the maxillary, right third molar and ending with the mandibular, right third molar. Deciduous teeth were not originally included but instead added at a later date using alphabetical letters from A-T clockwise in a manner similar to permanent teeth.
  7. 7Describe the FDI tooth notation systemThe FDI system was introduced in 1968 at the Federation Dentaire Internationale conference (or FDI from which this systems name is derived). It was developed by German Dentist Dr Jochen Viohl in 1966. It has since been adopted as the international standard for tooth notation.
    The system identifies teeth using two digits written like this: 11.The teeth are numbered from 18 to 48.
    The first digit indicates the quadrant of which there are four (in a clockwise direction)
    The second digit indicates the tooth numbered 1 to 8, beginning with the central incisors (1), through to third molars (8) similar to the Zsigmondy system. The two digits should be pronounced separately e.g. one-two (1-2), not twelve (12).
    Deciduous teeth are assigned quadrants 5 to 8 and the individual teeth are numbered 1 to 5.
  8. 8Define: A cellThe basic unit of any living organism that is able to grow and reproduce independently
  9. 9Define: MicrobeA microbe is a living organism too small to be seen by the naked eye. Microbes may include bacteria, yeasts, and other very small living organisms. The vast majority of microorganisms are unicellular, but this is not a universal rule.
  10. 10Define: Eukaryote and ProkaryoteEukaryote - an organism whose cells contain a nucleus and other organelles enclosed within membranes e.g. animals, plants and fungi
    Prokaryote - a single-celled organism that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus, mitochondria, or any other membrane-bound organelle.
  11. 11What are the similarities between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes?Both have DNA
    Both have ribosomes
    Both have cytoplasm
    Both a plasma membrane
  12. 12What are the differences between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes?Larger.. Smaller
    Relatively complex.. Simple
    Has a nucleus.. No nucleus
    Has membrane-bound organelles.. No membrane bound organelles
    Can be single or multi-cellular organisms.. Single-celled organisms
    Reproduce slow.. Reproduce quickly and effectively
    DNA organised as multiple linear chromosomes.. DNA organised as single circular chromosome
  13. 13What is oral flora?Oral Flora is the collective name for all the bacteria and other microorganisms that normally inhabit the mouth.
  14. 14What does normal oral flora consist of?Normal oral flora may consist of a wide variety of species including viruses (microbes producing toxic substances), yeasts (aggregates of minute vegetable cells) bacteria and protozoa (jelly-like microbes).
  15. 15What is the dental pellicle?The dental pellicle is a "thin deposit of salivary and bacterial glycoproteins deposited on the surface of a tooth within minutes of being cleaned" or after chewing (Ireland R, 2010, 264). It protects the tooth from the acids produced by oral microorganisms. However, bacteria may adhere to the pellicle and form a biofilm upon it.
  16. 16What is a biofilm?A biofilm is a mass of bacteria that grows on the surfaces of the mouth. Dental plaque, for example, is a type of biofilm and Calculus (or tartar) is a form of hardened dental plaque.
  17. 17How are biofilms formed?Free-swimming bacteria cells land on a surface, arrange themselves into small clusters and attach to one another. They signal one another to multiply, using a process called quorum sensing, to form a microcolony. This microcolony promotes the coexistence of diverse bacterial species and metabolic states. The cells then secrete a sticky matrix of proteins, polysaccharides and nucleic acids to protect themselves. Eventually, some cells will become dislodged, return to their free-swimming form and are swept away, perhaps to form new biofilms
  18. 18Describe fungi in the oral cavity.The oral cavity is known to contain only 74 cultivatable and 11 non-cultivable species (Avila M et al, 2009). Candida albicans is the most frequently isolated fungi found in the oral cavity. It's harmless in 20-40% of healthy individuals, however, it may cause oral fungal infections in people who have become immunocompromised.
  19. 19List the Physical and host parameters that affect oral microbial colonisation.Temperature
    pH
    Oxygen
    Mechanical abrasive forces
    Fluid flow
    Age of the host
  20. 20How does temperature affect oral microbial colonisation?The average temperature of the mouth of a healthy individual is approximately 36.8°C (Longo DL, 2011). Of course, this temperature may vary greatly, for example, a hot cup of tea may rapidly raise the temperature to 68°C and a cold glass of orange juice might lower it to 15°C (Lamont RJ, 2014). Different types of microbes will thrive or not at different temperatures. However, some microbes can alter their physiology withstand even the most unfavourable of temperature changes.
  21. 21How does pH affect oral microbial colonisation?pH is a scale used to express the acidity or alkalinity of a solution on which 7 is neutral. The oral cavity maintains an average pH of around 7 when unstimulated, similar to that of pure water. Saliva has an average pH around 6. A pH of at least 5.5 is important as teeth will begin to demineralize if it falls below this number. Many microorganisms require a neutral pH to grow and are sensitive to extreme changes in acid or alkali. When a person frequently eats foods rich in sugar lowering the pH, acid-sensitive bacteria are eliminated and the acid tolerant bacteria are left behind. Therefore, prolonged or intense exposure to an acidic pH causes an imbalance leading to an overgrowth of acidic, cavity-causing bacteria. Interestingly, some microbes are able to protect themselves from extreme changes in pH condition by secreting compounds that act as a buffer to acids or alkalines.
  22. 22How does oxygen affect oral microbial colonisation?Concentrations of oxygen vary across the different areas of the mouth. Some of the gases found in air are toxic to bacteria. However, a biofilm can adjust environmental conditions and even remove toxic gases from the area.
  23. 23How do mechanical abrasive forces affect oral microbial colonisation?Biofilms do not grow evenly across a tooth's surfaces. Instead, they tend to grow in areas between the teeth (interproximal) and on the buccal and lingual surfaces near the gingival margin. What do these areas have in common? They rarely come into contact with the tongue, lips or buccal mucosa all of which have an abrasive cleaning action as they move across a tooth surface.
  24. 24How does fluid flow affect oral microbial colonisation?One of the functions of saliva is the physical cleaning action it allows as a fluid in the oral cavity. People for whom saliva production is hampered in some way displace more instances of dental plaque. The continuous flow of saliva coupled with swallowing promotes the dilution and clearance of acid and bacterial toxins from plaque into the saliva and away from the oral cavity.
  25. 25How does the age of the host affect oral microbial colonisation?It has been suggested that the mouth is more susceptible to colonisation by different bacterial species at different times.
  26. 26Define: BoneThe "hard, mineralized connective tissue that forms the skeleton of the body" (Ireland, 2010, p46).
  27. 27Why do bones matter to dental technicians?Bone is so adaptable that the dental appliances we make could facilitate a change in the underlying bones either by design or by accident. In orthodontics, for example, when we move a tooth the surrounding bone remodels around it.
  28. 28Define: HistologyThe study of the structure of normal tissues at a cellular level (Ireland, 2010, p175).
  29. 29What is bone?Bone is a matrix of collagen fibres and calcium salts deposited around protein fibres. The matrix is formed by the activity of osteoblasts (cells which secrete the substance of bone) which become trapped in small hollows called lacunae. Once trapped, they stop laying bone and become osteocytes (bone cells embedded in the material they have secreted)
  30. 30Describe the four bone densities and the typical anatomical location.D1 - Dense cortical - Anterior mandible
    D2 - Porous cortical and coarse trabecular -Anterior mandible, Posterior mandible, Anterior maxilla
    D3 - Porous cortical, thin and fine trabecular - Anterior maxilla, Posterior maxilla, Posterior mandible
    D4 - Fine trabecular - Posterior maxilla
  31. 31Describe the layers of boneThe outer layer of bone is called Compact Bone (also referred to as cortical or lamellar bone). This consists of a hard mass of bony tissue arranged in concentric circles (Ireland R,2010, p46). Beneath the compact bone lies Trabecular Bone (also called cancellous or spongiform bone). This is a sponge-like network of delicate bars and sheets of bone.
  32. 32Name and describe the five main types of cell that can be found in bone tissue.Osteogenic cells - The only type bone cell that can divide. They are able to respond to trauma at which point they differentiate (change to specialise in a specific function) and develop into osteoblasts.
    Osteoblasts -synthesise and secrete a collagen matrix and calcium salts to create new bone.
    Osteocytes - When the area surrounding an osteoblast calcifies, the osteoblast become trapped, transforming into an osteocyte.
    Osteoclasts - The cells that break down and reabsorb bone. This process facilitates bone growth, healing and bone remodelling.
    Bone-lining cells - Originate from osteoblasts which have become "flattened". Their function is to protect the bone.
  33. 33Describe Schwartz theory that allows bone to remodelAccording to Swartz, force placed on the tooth results in areas of pressure and tension. On the pressure side, where the root causes compression of the Periodontal Ligament (PDL), the alveolar bone is resorbed by osteoclasts and on the tension side, where the forces are stretching the PDL, new alveolar bone is deposited by osteoblasts.
  34. 34What is bone resorption?Bone resorption is the physiological loss of bone substance. When we lose a tooth the underlying alveolar bone begins to resorb due to the activity of osteoclasts.
  35. 35Why does the bone resorb after tooth loss?As the alveolar bone is no longer supporting a tooth, it is no longer needed and our bodies subsequently get rid of this unused bone to save weight.
  36. 36Define: OpeningsA space or gap that allows passage or access.
  37. 37Define: FissureA deep groove or cleft; commonly the result if the imperfect fusion of the enamel
    or adjoining dental lobes.
  38. 38Define: Foreman...
  39. 39Define: MeatusAn opening or passage, especially one leading to the body surface
    Depressions – A decrease of functional activity/ A pitted area on a tooth or other anatomic surface.
  40. 40Define: SinusA cavity, recess, or hollow space.
    Sulcus or groove – a groove or depression on the surface of a tooth/ a groove in a portion of
    the oral cavity.
  41. 41Define: FossaA pit, hollow, or depression on a tooth or bone.
  42. 42Define: ProcessA marked prominence or projection or a bone.
  43. 43Define: CondyleThe rounded surface at the articular end of a bone.
  44. 44Define: CrestA projecting ridge or structure.
  45. 45Define: TubercleA small rounded nodule or elevation on the surface of the skin, bone, or other
    tissue/ the accessory cusps on the cingulum of certain anterior teeth or occlusal tables of
    permenant molars.
  46. 46Define: SutureA synarthrosis between two bones formed in a membrane, the uniting medium
    being a fibrous membrane continuous with the periosteum.
  47. 47What are the 8 skull bones?• The Frontal bone.
    • The Parietal bones (x2).
    • The Temporal bones (x2).
    • The Occipital bone.
    • The Sphenoid bone.
    • The Ethmoid bone
  48. 48What are the 14 facial bones?• The Nasal bones (x2).
    • The Maxillae bones (x2).
    • The Mandible.
    • The Zygomatic bones (x2).
    • The Lacrimal bones (x2).
    • The Palatine bones (x2).
    • The Inferior Nasal Concha bones (x2).
    • The Vomer.
  49. 49How might dental appliances cause a change in bone?...
  50. 50What are the three types of muscle tissue?- Skeletal (striated) muscle tissue
    - Smooth muscle tissue
    - Heart muscle tissue
  51. 51What is a Myofibril?A Myofibril is a 'rod-like' unit in a muscle cell that gives the muscle its type and appearance. Myofibrils consist of regularly arranged proteins which hold them together. These proteins include Actin and Myosin. In Striated muscle tissues, each Myofibril is comprised of repeating lengthwise sections called Sarcomere.
  52. 52How does a muscle contract, with sarcomeres?Within a sarcomere, the Actin protein filaments are positioned back to back forming a "backbone" called a Z-line. When muscles contract, the Actin and Myosin fibres slide over one another bringing the Z-lines closer together. This process occurs simultaneously in all the sarcomeres and so the muscle as a whole shortens considerably.
  53. 53What mechanism allows the muscle fibres to shorten?It's the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction.
    Rule 1: Proteins like to change shape when stuff binds to them.
    Of course, the protein changing shape here is Myosin, the "stuff" binding to it is ATP which then breaks down to ADP releasing energy.
    Rule 2: Changing shape allows proteins to bind or unbind with other stuff.
    The things being bound and unbound in this case are the Actin and ADP allowing a new ATP to bind with the Myosin and so on...
  54. 54Describe the maxilla- It is made up of two bones
    - It is an irregular bone meaning it cannot be grouped under normal bone descriptions.
    - Each half of the maxilla is essentially made up of four paired processes.
  55. 55What are the four maxilla processes?- Frontal (or nasal) processes
    - Zygomatic (or malar) processes
    - Alveolar processes
    - Palatine processes
  56. 56Describe the mandible- Strongest and largest bone in the facial skeleton.
    - The horizontal portion of the mandible is referred to as the body and the vertical portion the ramus.
    - The area where the body and ascending ramus meet is called the angle of the mandible
  57. 57What anatomical features form the different parts of the mandible?- The two mandibular condyles are the posterior, superior prominences of the ramus positioned in the glenoid fossas.
    - The coronoid processes of
    the mandible are the anterior, superior prominence of the rami.
    - The mandibular notches are the superior border of the ramus.
    - • The internal and external oblique lines run along the medial and lateral surfaces of the mandible.
    - The mental foramina are located between the first and second premolars and allow the mental nerve and blood vessels to pass through the body.
    - The mental protuberance is the most anterior portion of the body and gives the chin its size and shape.
    - The genial tubercles are small projections of bone on the posterior aspect of the mandible which may occur in two pairs (superior and inferior).
  58. 58What can the TMJ be classified as?As a compound ginglymoarthrodial joint or simply as a synovial joint
  59. 59Define: Ginglymoarthrodial jointA joint having the form of both ginglymus and arthrodia, or hinge and sliding joints.
  60. 60What is compound ginglymoarthrodial?Compound - means that the joint is comprised of an articular disc made up of various fibrous and cartilaginous tissues. In the TMJ this disk is actually crescent-shaped and known as the meniscus.
    Ginglymo - means that the joint has a hinge motion on initial opening.
    Arthrodial -means that the opposing bones are formed so as to allow freedom of rotation during function. This is essentially a gliding motion.
  61. 61What are the unusual features of the TMJ?- The movement of the joint is influenced by the teeth.
    - There are two TMJs associated with a single mandible which has considerable functional significance as movement on one joint is accompanied by movement at the other.
  62. 62What does the TMJ consist of?• The mandibular or glenoid fossa of the temporal bone.
    • The articular or glenoid tubercle (eminence).
    • The mandibular condyle.
    • The articular or capsular ligament.
    • The articular disc or meniscus.
    • The temporomandibular ligament.
    • The external (lateral) pterygoid muscle.
  63. 63Describe the movements of the TMJDepression, elevation, protrusion and retrusion are bilaterally symmetrical movements since they require similar coordinated movements through both TMJ's. Lateral excursions are bilaterally asymmetrical since one condyle must move down the articular eminence and the other simply rotates in the glenoid fossa.
  64. 64Define: Centric relation"the relationship of the mandible and maxilla, independent of tooth contact, when the mandible condyles are in their most superior and anterior position resting on the posterior slopes of the articulator eminences with the disks properly interposed" (Ireland, 2010, p70).
  65. 65What are the four muscles that elevate the mandible?- The masseter
    - The lateral pterygoid
    - The medial Pterygoid
    - The temporalis
  66. 66What are the muscles that depress the mandible?- The Suprahyoid group
    - The Infrahyoid group
    - The pterygoids
  67. 67Define: Origin & InsertionOrigin - The origin is the point at which a muscle attaches to the bone, it is stable and doesn't move.
    Insertion - The insertion is the part of the muscle that moves towards the origin when the muscle contracts.
  68. 68What does a mechanical leaver consist of?- The load
    - The effort
    - The fulcrum
  69. 69How can the concept of mechanical leavers be applied to the TMJ?the fulcrum is in the condyle, the effort is applied by contraction of muscles at the coronoid process and ramus and finally, the load is represented by perhaps a food bolus between the teeth or the weight of the mandible.
  70. 70Define: OdontogenesisTooth development- it is the complex process by which teeth form originating first from embryonic cells before growth and eruption into the oral cavity.
  71. 71What are the three overlapping physiological phases of odontogenesis?Initiation - the sites of the teeth are established by the appearance of tooth germs along the dental lamina.
    Morphogenesis - the shape of the tooth is determined by cell proliferation and cell movement.
    Histogenesis - differentiation of cells leads to fully formed, specialised dental tissues.
    We divide developed animal tissues into four basic types; epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue and neural tissue (Tutor Vista, 2016).
  72. 72How is tooth development characterised?By complex interactions between epithelial tissue (which lines the cavities of organs) and mesenchymal tissue (a type of connective tissue) which regulates cell activity.
  73. 73What is the first sign of tooth development?The condensation of mesenchymal tissue along the future epithelium of the oral cavity. After approximately six weeks of fetal development, the epithelium folds back on itself to form a small cavity, this is called invagination
  74. 74At seven weeks, the epithelium divides into what two processes?A buccally located vestibular lamina and a lingually situated dental lamina.
    The vestibular lamina develops into the vestibule of the mouth (lips, cheek etc...) and the dental lamina develops into the teeth. The dental lamina increases in length and by the eighth week epithelial swellings develop on the deep surface; these are the earliest signs of tooth germs (initiation).
  75. 75After initiation, we classify development of tooth germs into what four distinct stages based on the degree of morphodifferentiation and histodifferentiation?• The bud stage.
    • The cap stage.
    • The early bell stage.
    • The late bell stage.
  76. 76Describe the bud stage.Occurs at around 8 weeks of fetal development. This stage is characterised by epithelial condensation, without a clear arrangement of cells along, the dental lamina. 10 buds should develop, each one corresponding to one of the ten deciduous teeth in an infants dental arch.
  77. 77Describe the Cap stage.Occurs around the 11th week. It's at this stage histodifferentiation and morphodifferentiation of the cells truly begins to take place. As a result of morphodifferentiation, a "cap-shaped" structure is formed. Around the edge and especially in the central portion of the cap, you can see a gathering of cells arranging themselves into the enamel epithelia, this is the enamel organ beginning to form.
  78. 78Describe the early bell stage.Occurs at around the 14th week. During this stage further histodifferentiation takes place and morphodifferentiation of the enamel organ begins to outline the occlusal pattern of the crown of the tooth. Also during this stage, the tooth becomes a body in its own right as the dental lamina breaks down and the enamel organ loses its connection to the oral epithelium.
  79. 79Describe the late bell stage.Takes place around the 18th week. This stage is associated with the formation of the hard tissues, firstly dentine, then the enamel. The development of dentine is called dentinogenesis and the development of enamel is called amelogenesis.
  80. 80Draw the development of a tooth in sequence....
  81. 81What is the usual order of the deciduous teeth eruption?• Central incisors (A's).
    • Lateral incisors (B's).
    • First molars (D's).
    • Canines (C's).
    • Second molars (E's).
  82. 82What is the usual order in which the permanent dentition erupt?• First molars (6's).
    • Mandibular central & lateral incisors (lower l's & 2's).
    • Maxillary central incisors (upper 1's).
    • Maxillary lateral incisors & mandibular canines (upper 2's & lower 3's).
    • First premolars (4's).
    • Second premolars (5's).
    • Maxillary canines (upper 3's).
    • Second molars (7's).
    • Third molars (8's).
  83. 83Define: Occlusion"the relation of the upper and lower teeth when they are in contact" (Ireland, 2010, p246).
  84. 84In 1972 Andrew's analysed 120 dental casts displaying what he considered "normal" occlusion to generate a database of occlusal characteristics. As a result, he identified six common occlusal characteristics which he called the "six keys of occlusion". What are they?• Molar relationship.
    • Crown angulation.
    • Crown inclination.
    • Rotations.
    • Spaces.
    • The occlusal plane (Andrews, 1972).
  85. 85Define: Malocclusion"a deviation of the teeth or a mal-relationship of the dental arches outside the range of normal" (Ireland, 2010, p213).
  86. 86What could result in malocclusion?•Extra or missing teeth
    •An abnormality
    •A developmental abnormality
    •An environmental factor
  87. 87Edward Angle was the first to classify malocclusion into five classes. What are they?• Class I: The molar relationship is "normal" with the mesiobuccal cusp of the maxillary 1st molar aligned with the mesial buccal groove of the mandibular 1st molar but other teeth are malpositioned.
    • Class II: The mesiobuccal cusp of the maxillary 1st molar is anterior to the mesial buccal groove of the mandibular 1st molar.
    • Class II, division I: The molar relationship is the same as in class II but the anterior teeth are protruded.
    • Class II, division 2: The molar relationship is the same as in class II but the anterior teeth are retruded.
    • Class III: The mesiobuccal cusp of the maxillary 1st molar is posterior to the mesial buccal groove of the mandibular 1st molar.
  88. 88Teeth may be separated into what four groups depending on their individual traits?•Dentition traits. - Distinguishes deciduous and permanent dentition.
    •Arch traits. - Distinguishes maxillary and mandibular teeth.
    •Class traits. - Distinguishes the 4 classes of teeth: incisors, canines, premolars and molars.
    •Type traits. - Distinguishes different teeth in the same class e.g. the differences between central and lateral incisors
  89. 89What does the static form of each tooth contribute to?• The protection of the supporting tissues.
    • The stabilisation of dental arch alignments.
    • The alignment of occlusion with neighbouring teeth in the same and opposing arch.
    • To the normal development of the jaws.
  90. 90Define: Static occlusionStatic occlusion is simply the relationship between the teeth when the mandible is closed and stationary.
  91. 91Define: Functional occlusionFunctional occlusion is when the relationships between all the teeth facilitate stable closure of the mandible as well as not interfering with its harmonious, eccentric gliding movements. In other words, tooth and joint harmony exists.
  92. 92Define: Pathological occlusionPathological occlusion is a morbid relationship of teeth which may include difficulties with the joints. Caries, broken down and fractured teeth, missing or extracted teeth for example, may all result in variations in contact in centric occlusion from functioning norms.
  93. 93Define: Centric occlusionCentric occlusion is the relationship of the maxilla and mandible when the teeth are in occlusal contact irrespective of the position of the mandibular condyles.
  94. 94Define: Canine guided occlusionCanines have the longest roots of all teeth and are therefore comparatively stable. Canines, therefore, can often provide the only contact necessary during lateral movements, thus the above term.
  95. 95There are three main salivary glands which produce saliva. What are they?• The Parotid glands - the largest of the salivary glands produce around 20% of the saliva.
    • The Submandibular glands.
    • The Sublingual glands.
  96. 96Define: Oral health"a state of being free from chronic mouth and facial pain, oral and throat cancer, oral sores, birth defects such as cleft lip and palate, periodontal (gum) disease, tooth decay and tooth loss, and other diseases and disorders that affect the oral cavity." (WHO, 2017).
  97. 97Define: Dental caries What causes it?"an infectious disease resulting in a progressive destruction of tooth tissue" (Ireland, 2010, p62).
    The presence of dental plaque, Tooth tissue. A high sugar diet, Time.
  98. 98What are the two types of dental caries?• Fissural caries: regions of tooth surfaces such as pits, fissures and proximal areas between adjacent teeth.
    • Smooth surface caries: regions of the tooth surface such as the gingival margin, just below the interproximal contact and tooth root.
  99. 99What are the two types of periodontal disease.Gingivitis is a common, often mild and reversible inflammation of the tooth-supporting tissues.
    Gingivitis can progress to a more severe condition, periodontitis, in which the gingival crevice develops into a deep pocket.
  100. 100What is the disease related to dental prosthesis?Stomatitis is a small ulcer or sore in the mouth. Denture-induced stomatitis is caused by a denture that is left constantly in the mouth and often poor oral hygiene. It's fungal in nature and produces red swollen tissues in the area beneath the denture.
  101. 101What are the two tooth pulp disorders?Pulpitis is the inflammation of dental pulp tissue caused by an infection. It is caused either by a dental disease, like caries or as a result of trauma.
    If pulpitis remains untreated the pulp will die. This is called pulp necrosis and is characterised by the tooth turning a dark colour and pain or discomfort.
  102. 102Define: Congenital deformityA congenital deformity is a condition that exists at or dating from birth which has been acquired during development in the uterus (Ireland 2010, p87).
  103. 103What are the congenital deformities?Hypodontia is an anomaly whereby the dentition has a fewer teeth than normal because of agenesis.
    Hyperdontia is where there are extra supernumerary teeth. It is related to focal overgrowth of the developing dental lamina. Cleft lip is a congenital deformity of the primary palate Cleft palate is a congenital abnormality of the secondary palate.
  104. 104Describe what you can/can't see in a x-ray?Radioopaque structures are those through which the x-rays cannot penetrate so easily. These are essentially the hard-mineralized tissues. Radiolucent structures are those through which x-rays can penetrate easily. These are essentially the soft tissues.

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undergraduate Dental Technology Flashcards on Anatomy and physiology, created by Matilda matthews on 30/04/2019.
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  • Created by Abigail Withers · Dec 17, 2017
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