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Flashcards

Aggression

Halex Dias Psychology A level English 96 cards

Cards in this deck (96)

  1. 1Identification of Limbic systemJames papez (1937) started link
    Paul Mclean (1952) finalised link
  2. 2Neural mechanisms in aggression Reseach supportLimbic System
    Katrina Gospic (2011) used The Ultimatum Game which shows correlation between amygdala activation levels and rejection.
  3. 3Neural mechanisms in aggression SerotoninSerotonine
    Matti Virkkunen et al. (1994) observed levels of serotonine breakdown byproduct (5-IAA) in cerebro spinal fluid of violent impulsive and violent non impulsive offenders and found significantly lower in impulsive offenders.
  4. 4Hormonal mechanisms in aggressionTestosterone
    Dolan et al. (2001) observed a positive correlation between testosterone levels and aggressive behaviours in 60 male offenders in UK maximum security hospitals.
  5. 5Neural mechanisms in aggression: There are other structures involved in aggressionOrbitofrontal cortex and Self control
    Emil Coccaro (2007) observed that patience with aggressive psychiatric disorders had reduced activity levels in the Orbitofrontal Cortex.
  6. 6Neural mechanisms in aggression: Serotonin evidenceSerotonin Vs Placebos
    Berman et al. (2009) gave participants paroxetine and placebos and found paroxetine caused fewer and less intense shocks in a lab-based game.
    - However, this was only true for those with a history of aggressive behaviour.
  7. 7Explaining the link between testosterone and aggressionBiosocial Model of Status (BMoS)
    by Allan Mazur (1985)
  8. 8Hormonal mechanisms in aggression: Research supportMehta and Josephs (2006) used a competitive game to find a relationship between testosterone and re challenge rates of participants. After loss, 70% of those who's testosterone levels rose re challenged and 30% of who's dropped re challenged.
  9. 9Hormonal mechanisms in aggression: There are other hormones involved in aggressionCortisol
    Carre and Mehta (2011) developed the dual-hormone hypothesis which claims aggression is only a result when testosterone is high and cortisol is low
    + Popma et al. (2007) confirmed this in a study involving adolescant males.
  10. 10Neural and hormonal mechanisms in aggression: Nameless evaluation- Cause and Effect: Most research is correlational. Good for ethics. However, cannot establish which is the cause of the other or if there is a third variable.
  11. 11Genetic factors in aggressionTwin studies
    Adoption studies
    The MAOA gene
    Gene-environment interaction
  12. 12Genetic factors in aggression Twin studiesTwin studies
    Emil Coccaro et al. (1997) found 50% concordance rates with physical assault in monozygotic twins and 19% in dizygotic twins.
  13. 13Genetic factors in aggression adoption studiesAdoption studies
    Rhee and Waldman (2002) conducted a meta analysis of 51 adoption studies and found genetics accounted for 41% of results.
  14. 14Genetic factors in aggression The MAOA geneThe Dutch family
    Han Brunner et al. (1993) studied 28 members of a Dutch family who had histories of violence and found they had this warrior gene variant which causes a low activity of MAOA.
  15. 15Genetic factors in aggression The MAOA geneIntimate Partner Violence (IPV)
    Gregory Stuart et al. (2014) studied 97 men part of a battering treatment programme and found the greatest perpetrators of intimate partner violence were those with the low activity MAOA gene.
  16. 16Gene-environment interactionLow activity MAOA gene + Trauma
    Frazetto et al. (2007) found correlation between antisocial aggression and the low activity MAOA gene, but this was only true for children who had experienced trauma in the first 15 years of their life.
  17. 17Genetic factors in aggression: Difficult to separateAggression only in the lab
    McDermott et al. (2009) found participants with the low activity MAOA gene only behaved aggressively in lab experiments but were no more different in the outside world.
  18. 18Genetic factors in aggression: PolygenicPolygenic
    Vassos et al. (2014) could find no evidence of association between a single gene and aggression in a meta analysis. also Gregory Stuart's study showed only results when MAOA gene was combined with serotonin transporter gene (5-HTT).
  19. 19Genetic factors in aggression: Hard to measure aggressionHard to measure aggression
    Rhee and Waldman's meta analysis found greater aggression in self reports rather then teacher parent reports.
  20. 20Genetic factors in aggression: MAOA gene research supportIs the convers true?
    Mertins et el. (2011) found greater cooperation with high activity MAOA gene individuals
  21. 21Genetic factors in aggression: MAOA gene research supportMAOA gene knockout mice
    Sean Godar et al. (2014) showed mice undergone of genetic deletion of their MAOA gene were more aggressive, however with help of fluoxetine, reverted them back to their non aggressive behaviour.
  22. 22Genetic factors in aggression: Evaluation overview pointsAggression only in the lab
    Polygenic
    Hard to measure aggression
    Is the convers true?
    MAOA gene knockout mice
  23. 23The ethological explanation of aggressionAdaptive
    Ritualistic
    Innate releasing mechanisms and fixed action patterns
    Key study: Stickleback
  24. 24The ethological explanation of aggression AdaptationAdaptation
    defeated animals are rarely killed and instead are forced to seek territory elsewhere. also allows for the establishment of hierarchy as seen in chimps. Gregory pettit et al. (1988) found this with children as well.
  25. 25The ethological explanation of aggression RitualisticRitualistic
    Little damage was actually done. more of a display. much display of appeasement e.g. with wolves when they show their necks. this is also adaptive as there is less death
  26. 26The ethological explanation of aggression Innate releasing mechanismsIRMs and FAPs
    Innate releasing mechanisms are built in psychological processes or structures e.g. neural networks in the brain which recognise facial expressions as enc=viromental cues to release Fixed action patterns
  27. 27The ethological explanation of aggression Fixed action patternsStephen Lea (1984) found they are:
    Unchanging sequence of behaviours
    Universal to species
    Unaffected by learning
    Ballistic
    Response to specific stimulus and situation
  28. 28The ethological explanation of aggression Key studyStickleback study
    Niko Tinbergan (1951) studied male sticklebacks and identified what stimulus their IRM could recognise which caused them to trigger their FAPs. it was any shape with a red underbelly like itself which caused an agressive display or attack
  29. 29The ethological explanation of aggression: Research supportAs it also argues that agression is adaptive and so passed on in our genes it is also backed up by genetic research into aggression, such as Han Brunner, and less so by Gregory Stuart el al.'s, studies.
  30. 30The ethological explanation of aggression: Cultural differencesCulture of honor
    Richard Nisbett (1993) found more homicide rates in South America then north with white males. later (1996) he found these males were more reactive to insults.
  31. 31The ethological explanation of aggression: Aggression is not just ritualisticThe 4 year war
    Jane Goodall (2010) observed chimps in the Gombe Stream National Park in a ‘4 year war’ where males of one group would slaughter chimps from the other and not suppress their aggression, even after signs of appeasement.
  32. 32The ethological explanation of aggression: FAPs are not so fixedModal action patterns instead
    Morton Hunt (1973) found FAPs could change behaviour, duration or order.
  33. 33The ethological explanation of aggression: too much animal studiesAnimal studies
    All too much research on animals such as, Niko Tinbergen's Stickleback study
    Robin Fox 2000
    “War is a collective undertaking and cannot be explained by individual impulses”
  34. 34The ethological explanation of aggression: Evaluation overviewResearch support
    Cultural differences
    Aggression is not just ritualistic
    FAPs are not so fixed
    Too much animal studies
  35. 35Evolutionary explanation of human aggression Sexual jealousyCuckoldry
    Sexual jealousy is a major motivator. reduces the risk of cuckoldry where recources are invested and wasted into the survival of a rivals genes. Mate retention strategies combat this.
  36. 36Evolutionary explanation of human aggression Mate Retention Strategies: Research supportWilson and Daly (1996) found two methods: Direct guarding and Negative inducements. Wilson (1995) found women who reported MRS were twice as likely to suffer physical violence.
  37. 37Evolutionary explanation of human aggression Intimate partner violence: Research supportTodd Shackelford et al. (2005) studied
    107 heterosexual married couples where men completed the Mate retention inventory and women completed the Spouse influence report (wich reported partner violence) and they found a found a positive correlation.
  38. 38Evolutionary explanation of human aggression BullyingBullying is not a maladaptive antisocial behaviour. Tony Volk et al. (2012) argues it is even attractive to the opposite sex as it demonstrates dominance and acquisition of resources. females can even use bullying to ensure fidelity and resources in relationships Buss and Shackelford (1997)
  39. 39Evolutionary explanation of human aggression: Explains gender differencesGender differences
    Anne Campbell (1999) argues women are observably less agressive due to their role as mothers trying to bring least risk to offspring. Women are then aggressive to their men to ensure resources, claims Buss and Shackelford (1997).
  40. 40Evolutionary explanation of human aggression: Real life applicationsAnti-bullying campaigns
    this view of bullying as an advantageous behaviour can allow us to tackle the problem differently. Volk et al. argues we can increase cost of bullying and increase rewards for pro social behaviour.
  41. 41Evolutionary explanation of human aggression: Cultural differences!Kung San Vs Yanomamo
    !Kung San people of Kalahari discourage aggression. Yanomamo people of Venezuela and Brazil value it.
  42. 42Evolutionary explanation of human aggression: Evaluation overviewMate Retention Strategies
    Intimate partner violence
    Explains gender differences
    Real life applications
    Cultural differences
    Cause and effect
  43. 43Social Psychological explanations of aggression Frustration-aggression hypothesis The originJohn Dollard et al. (1939) formulated this hypothesis. According to it, frustration always leads to aggression and aggression is always the result of frustration. Works under a psycho dynamic concept of catharsis. We release the frustration in our aggression.
  44. 44Social psychological explanations of aggression Frustration-aggression hypothesis Reasons for displacementCause of frustration is:
    Abstract
    Powerful
    Unavailable
  45. 45Social psychological explanations of aggression Frustration-aggression hypothesis Research supportRussel Green (1968) investigated the effects of 3 variations on male university students. a puzzle was to be completed where it was impossible, when someone was interfering and when someone was insulting (and control group). Shocks progressively increased
  46. 46Social psychological explanations of aggression Frustration-aggression hypothesis Environmental cuesThe weapons effect
    Berkowitz (1989) claimed frustration created readiness, but environment determined aggression. He and LePage (1967) confirmed this when participants shocked back around 6.07 times if two guns displayed and 4.67 with no guns
  47. 47Social psychological explanations of aggression Frustration-aggression hypothesis: Research supportMeta analysis
    Amy Marcus-Newhall et al. (2000) carried out a meta analysis on 49 studies and concluded significant evidence of displaced aggression.
  48. 48Social psychological explanations of aggression Frustration-aggression hypothesis: Is aggression really cathartic?Punching bags
    Brad bushman (2002) found participants who aggressively hit punching bags became more aggressive and this counters the advice therapists give.
  49. 49Social psychological explanations of aggression Frustration-aggression hypothesis: ReformulationThe negative affect theory
    Leonard Berkowitz (1989) reformulated the hypothesis named the negative affect theory, which claims frustration can cause any negative feelings and any negative feelings can cause aggression.
  50. 50Social psychological explanations of aggression Frustration-aggression hypothesis: Justified and unjustified frustrationJustified or unjustified
    Dill and Anderson (1995) provided two justifications for frustration. participants became more frustrated when reason was unjustified such as halting origami tutorial to see girlfriend as opposed to because a boss requested to do so.
  51. 51Social psychological explanations of aggression Frustration-aggression hypothesis: Real life applicationBerkowitz’s research leading to the weapons effect contributes to the open-carry gun law in the US.
  52. 52Social psychological explanations of aggression Frustration-aggression hypothesis: Evaluation overviewResearch support + Meta analysis
    The weapons effect
    Is aggression really cathartic?
    The negative affect theory
    Justified or unjustified
    Real life application
  53. 53Social psychological explanations of aggression Social learning theoryDirect and indirect learning
    Observational learning and vicarious reinforcement
    Cognitive control
    Self efficacy
    Research
  54. 54Social psychological explanations of aggression Social learning theory Cognitive Process in learningARRM
    Attention
    Retention
    Reproduction
    Motivation
  55. 55Social psychological explanations of aggression Social learning theory Aggression studyBandura et al. (1961) investigated children who observed an adult model playing with toys. some saw them behave aggressively to the toy. Children were found to imitate behavior remarkably.
  56. 56Social psychological explanations of aggression Social learning theory: Research supportBoys aged 9-12
    Paulin and Boivin (2000) analysed a friendship group of boys aged 9-12 who were found to act aggressively and become aggressive models for each other.
  57. 57Social psychological explanations of aggression Social learning theory: Cannot explain all aggressionReactive aggression
    Reactively aggressive children habitually use aggression as a means for retaliation regardless of how much practice they've had in learning aggression. Berkowitz's Negative Affects Theory better explains these aggressive behaviors.
  58. 58Social psychological explanations of aggression Social learning theory: Reciprocal DeterminismReciprocal Determinism
    Argues the people are not just passive recipients of reinforcement of their environment are instead active influences of their environments and can select it themselves.
  59. 59Social psychological explanations of aggression Social learning theory: Real life applicationMedia portrayals
    Huesmann and Eron (2013) argue that media portrayals of aggressive models can be powerful influences as aggressive models for children, especially if the models are identified with.
  60. 60Social psychological explanations of aggression Social learning theory: Cultural differencesThe !Kung San
    The !Kung San people discourage aggression and rarely use it so it is likely their kids have few aggressive models, yet they still display some aggressive behavior
  61. 61Social psychological explanations of aggression Social learning theory: Evaluation overviewResearch support
    Cannot explain all aggression
    Reciprocal Determinism
    Real life application
    Cultural differences
  62. 62Social psychological explanations of aggression De-individuation First reference to de-individuationGustav Le Bon (1895) referred to this to explain crowd behavior as we become identified less with ourselves and instead with the crowd releasing social restraints on and responsibility of our behavior
  63. 63Social psychological explanations of aggression De-individuation Self-awarenessRogers and Prentice-Dunn (1982) claimed anonymity alone didn't bring aggressive behaviors. It was the lack of private and public self awareness which came with anonymity
  64. 64Social psychological explanations of aggression De-individuation Research supportDavid Dodd (1985)
    asked 229 students from 13 classes the question "what would you do if you could do anything humanely possible with insurance of anonymity?" and only 9% showed pro-social answer
  65. 65Social psychological explanations of aggression De-individuation: Research supportDouglas and McGarty (2001) found positive correlation between anonymity and aggressive messages in coatrooms.
  66. 66Social psychological explanations of aggression De-individuation: Opposing researchThe Dark Room
    Gergen et al. (1973) selected 8 participants who didn't know each other. they were put in a dark room but began kissing instead of acting aggressively. when told they would see each other after, kissing did not occur.
  67. 67Social psychological explanations of aggression De-individuation: Pro-social behaviourKKK VS THE NURSES
    Johnson and Downing (1979) studied females who wore either own clothes (control), nurses outfits or KKK masks. They gave (fake) shocks to confederates resulting in progressively more shocks. This may be due to normative cues.
  68. 68Social psychological explanations of aggression De-individuation: Real-life applicationXbox
    Can be used to understand aggression on online platforms, such as Xbox live by seeing how de-individualized gamer are and how they can be identified with the massive world-wide crowd
  69. 69Social psychological explanations of aggression De-individuation: Social Identity TheoryConformity
    Spears and Lea (1992) argue that what really happens in de-individuation is conformity to a group however, this can produce either pro-social or anti-social behavior. Essentially de-individuation leads to conformity.
  70. 70Social psychological explanations of aggression De-individuation: Evaluation overviewResearch support x2
    Opposing research
    Pro-social behaviour
    Real-life application
    Social Identity Theory
  71. 71Institutional aggression in the context of prisons Dispositional explanationsIrwin and Cressey (1962) Proposed the importation model. Inmates bring their beliefs, values and norms typical of aggressive behavior towards other inmates. McManimon (2005) put it that 'people who prey on other in the streets also prey on others in prisons'.
  72. 72Institutional aggression in the context of prisons Dispositional explanations Research supportDeLesi (2011) studied 813 Juvenile delinquents with childhood trauma and history of substance abuse and found they were more likely to engage in sexual misconduct or suicidal activity.
  73. 73Institutional aggression in the context of prisons Situational explanationsDonald Clemmer (1958) provided the deprivation model which places cause of institutional aggression on the prison environment itself e.g. deprivation of freedom, goods, services and heterosexual relationships.
  74. 74Institutional aggression in the context of prisons Situational explanations Research supportBenjamin Steiner (2009) investigated 512 prisons and found aggression was higher in prisons with more female staff & African american and Hispanic inmates.
  75. 75Institutional aggression in the context of prisons Dispositional explanations: For dispositional Against situationalSecurity level prisons
    Camp and Gaes (2005) studied 561 inmates and found no significant difference in aggression with level of security of the prison.
  76. 76Institutional aggression in the context of prisons Dispositional explanations: Against dispositional For situationalACM
    John Dilulio (1991) brought forward the Administrative Control Model (ACM) which acknowledges the running and management of prisons.
  77. 77Institutional aggression in the context of prisons Situational explanations: For situational Against dispositionalMark Cunningham et al. (2010)
    analysed 35 inmate homicides in Texas prisons and found motives were tied to deprivations described by Clemmer such as, homosexual relationships, drugs and personal possessions.
  78. 78Institutional aggression in the context of prisons Situational explanations: Against situational For dispositionalChristopher Hersley at al. (2002) studied 256 male and female inmates and found aggression was not reduced even with conjugal visits.
  79. 79Institutional aggression in the context of prisons interactionist model:Jiang and Fisher-Giorlando (2002) claimed the importation model can explain inmate-inmate violence while the deprivation model can explain inmate-staff violence. Dobbs and Waid (2004) argue for an interactionist model as deprivation only leads to aggression when combined with importation
  80. 80Media influences on aggression The effects of computer games Experimental studiesBartholow and Anderson (2002) studied participants who played wither Mortal Kombat or PGA Tournament Golf before completing the Taylor Competitive Reaction Time Task (TCRTT), a common lab test for aggression and found those who played Mortal Kombat delivered significantly higher blasts of white noise.
  81. 81Media influences on aggression The effects of computer games Correlational studiesViolent fun
    DeLisi et al. (2013) studies 227 juvenile offenders and found a significant correlation between how often and how much fun they had with playing violent video games and aggressive beheviour.
  82. 82Media influences on aggression The effects of computer games Longitudinal studiesRobertsen et al. (2013) studied children born between 1972 and 1973 in New Zealand and found higher hours of TV viewing was predictive of violent behaviour s an adult, such as violent crimes or anti social personality disorder.
  83. 83Media influences on aggression The effects of computer games Meta analysisCraig Anderson et al. (2010) carried out a meta analysis over 136 studies and found a significant correlation between exposure to violent computer games was associated aggressive thought, behaviours and feelings. This applied across both collectivist and individualistic cultures
  84. 84Media influences on aggression The effects of computer games Experimental studies: Evaluation+Experimental studies do provide a casual link
    -However, the situations are unrealistic, such as the TCRTT.
    +This is to satisfy ethical guidelines
    -But it puts participants in a situation without fear of retaliation.
  85. 85Media influences on aggression The effects of computer games Correlational studies: Evaluation+Allows us to investigate realistic forms of aggression as we can look at real cases.
    -However this results in a cause or effect problem.
  86. 86Media influences on aggression The effects of computer games Longitudinal studies: Evaluation+Views people as active consumers of violent media rather then passive recipients which is much more realistic.
    -However, this opens up to vulnerability of confounding variables occurring.
  87. 87Media influences on aggression The effects of computer games Experimental studies: Non-equivalencyWe cannot conclude that the only differences between the two games are the absence of aggression.
  88. 88Media influences on aggression The effects of computer games: Publication biasThe File Drawer Problem
    Studies with non significant results are usually shelved. this is a problem for meta analyses especially as they usually look at studies with significant results.
  89. 89Media influences on aggression Desensitization, Disinhibition and Cognitive priming Desensitization researchStraw Dogs
    Weisz and Earls (1995) put participants to watch Straw Dogs, which included a graphic rape scene, before a reenactment of a rape trial. Male participants were less sympathetic and more accepting of rape myths.
  90. 90Media influences on aggression Desensitization, Disinhibition and Cognitive priming DisinhibitionAggression is learnt to be restraint socially, however people become disinhibited after this behaviour is shown to be normative and sanctioned by the media. Especially if justified, rewarded, minimised or ignored.
  91. 91Media influences on aggression Desensitization, Disinhibition and Cognitive priming Cognitive priming researchThis involes learning aggressive scripts. Fischer and Greitemeyer (2006) put participants to listen to aggressive and derogatory music to women. They recalled more negative qualities in women and acted more aggressively to female confederates and vice-versa with 'men-hating' lyrics with females.
  92. 92Media influences on aggression Desensitization, Disinhibition and Cognitive priming: Desensitization Research supportKrahe et al. (2011) showed participants violent films to habitual viewers of aggression showed less arousal and there was a positive correlation between this and unprovoked aggression in a 'noise blast' task.
  93. 93Media influences on aggression Desensitization, Disinhibition and Cognitive priming: Disinhibition research supportBerkowitz and Alioto (1973)
    found films which depicted vengeful violence caused more aggressive behavior in participants translated through the number of (fake) electric shocks given to participants, perhaps because it loses social restraint as it is seen as justified
  94. 94Media influences on aggression Desensitization, Disinhibition and Cognitive priming: Cognitive priming practical applicationBushman and Anderson (2002) argue that people who watch violent media have more access to aggressive scripts and are therefore more violent. we can challenge or reverse these effects in therapy
  95. 95Media influences on aggression Desensitization, Disinhibition and Cognitive Desnsitisation: Alternative explanationProvoked aggresion
    Krahe et al. failed to find a link between low arousal media viewing and provoked aggression. a better explanation would be catharsis.
  96. 96Media influences on aggression Desensitization, Disinhibition and Cognitive Desnsitisation: Alternative explanationSocial learning approach explains why not all aggressive behaviour is learnt from cartoons as there is no identification due to its unrealisticness. Desensitization, disinhibtion and cognitive priming cannot explain this.

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A level Psychology Flashcards on Aggression, created by Halex Dias on 11/10/2019.
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