Flashcards
Understanding Psychology: Chapter 5
Cards in this deck (47)
- 1learningthe process by which experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in behavior
- 2Classical/Pavlovian Conditioningtype of learning in which a response naturally elicited by one stimulus comes to be elicited by a different, formerly neutral stimulus
- 3unconditioned stimulus (US)a stimulus that invariably causes an organism to respond in a specific way
- 4unconditioned response (UR)a response that takes place in an organism whenever an unconditioned stimulus occurs
- 5conditioned stimulus (CS)an originally neutral stimulus that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus and eventually produces the desired response in an organism when presented alone.
- 6conditioned response (CR)after conditioning, the response an organism produces when a conditioned stimulus is presented
- 7intermittent pairingpairing the conditional stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus on only a portion of the learning trials
- 8desensitization therapya conditioning technique designed to gradually reduce anxiety about a particular object or situation
- 9preparednessa biological readiness to learn certain associations because of their survival advantages
- 10conditioned taste aversionconditioned avoidance of certain foods even if there is only one pairing of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli.
- 11operant / instrumental conditioningThe type of learning in which behaviors are emitted (in the presence of specific stimuli) to earn rewards or avoid punishments
- 12operant behaviorsbehaviors designed to operate on the environment in a way that will gain something desired or avoid something unpleasant.
- 13ReinforcersStimuli that follow a behavior and increase the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated.
- 14PunishersStimuli that follow a behavior and decrease the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated.
- 15Law of Effect (principle of reinforcement)Thorndike's theory that behavior consistently rewarded will be "stamped in" as learned behavior, and behavior that brings about discomfort will be "stamped out."
- 16Skinner BoxA box often used in operant conditioning of animals, it limits the available responses and thus increase the likelihood that the desired response will occur.
- 17ShapingReinforcing successive approximations to a desired behavior.
- 18positive reinforcersEvents whose presence increases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur.
- 19negative reinforcersEvents whose reduction or termination increases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur.
- 20punishmentAny event whose presence decreases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur.
- 21learned helplessnessfailure to take steps to avoid or escape from an unpleasant or aversive stimulus that occurs as a result of previous exposure to unavoidable painful stimuli.
- 22biofeedbackA technique that uses monitoring devices to provide precise information about internal physiological processes, such as heart rate or blood pressure, to teach people to gain voluntary control over these functions.
- 23NeurofeedbackA biofeedback technique that monitors brain waves with the use of an EEG to teach people to gain voluntary control over their brain wave activity.
- 24ContingencyA reliable "if-then" relationship between 2 events, such as a CS and a US
- 25BlockingA process whereby prior conditioning prevents conditioning to a 2nd stimulus even when the 2 stimuli are presented simultaneously
- 26Schedule of ReinforcementIn operant conditioning, the rule for determining when and how often reinforcers will be delivered
- 27fixed-ratio schedulea reinforcement schedule in which the correct response is reinforced after a fixed number of correct responses
- 28Variable-Ratio scheduleA reinforcement schedule in which a varying number of correct responses must occur before reinforcement is presented.
- 29Fixed-Interval ScheduleA reinforcement schedule in which the correct response is reinforced after a fixed length of time since the last reinforcement.
- 30Variable-Interval ScheduleA reinforcement schedule in which the correct response is reinforced after varying lengths of time following the last reinforcement
- 31ExtinctionA decrease in the strength or frequency, or stopping, of a learned response because of failure to continue pairing the US and CS (classical conditioning) or with-holding of reinforcement (operant conditioning).
- 32Spontaneous RecoveryThe reappearance of an extinguished response after the passage of time, without training.
- 33Stimulus ControlControl of conditioned responses by cues or stimuli in the environment
- 34Stimulus GeneralizationThe transfer of a learned response to different but similar stimuli
- 35Stimulus DiscriminationLearning to respond to only one stimulus and to inhibit the response to all other stimuli
- 36Response GeneralizationGiving a response that is somewhat different from the response originally learned to that stimulus
- 37Higher-Order ConditioningConditioning based on previous learning, the conditioned stimulus serves as an unconditioned stimulus for further training.
- 38Primary ReinforcersReinforcers that are rewarding in themselves, such as food, water, or sex
- 39Secondary ReinforcersReinforcers whose value is acquired through association with other primary or secondary reinforcers.
- 40Cognitive learningLearning that depends on mental processes that are not directly observable
- 41Latent LearningLearning that is not immediately reflected in a behavior change
- 42cognitive mapA learned mental image of a spatial environment that may be called on to solve problems when stimuli in the environment change.
- 43InsightLearning that occurs rapidly as a result of understanding all the elements of a problem
- 44Learning SetThe ability to become increasingly more effective in solving problems as more problems are solved.
- 45Observational / Vicarious LearningLearning by observing other people's behavior
- 46Social Learning TheoristsPsychologists whose view of learning emphasizes the ability to learn by observing a model or receiving instructions, without first hand experience by the learner
- 47Vicarious Reinforcement / PunishmentReinforcement / punishment experienced by models that affects the willingness of others to perform the behaviors they learned by observing those models.
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