Flashcards
MSM and WMM
Cards in this deck (36)
- 1WMMBaddeley and Hitch
-questioned the existence of a single store for STM and saw the STM as more of an 'active' store (active, not just a store) which holds several pieces of info whilst being worked on
-saw that STM is more complex than just a temporary store for transferring info into LTM - 2WMM is comprised of:-phonological loop
-visuo-spatial sketchpad
-central executive - 3Evidence to support WMMThe KF Case Study supports the Working Memory Model. KF suffered brain damage from a motorcycle accident that damaged his short-term memory. KF's impairment was mainly for verbal information - his memory for visual information was largely unaffected. This shows that there are separate STM components for visual information (VSS) and verbal information (phonological loop).
- 4Evidence for the WMMBaddeley and Hitch- Dual task technique
-task 1: 2 statements given to p's, p's required to state whether the order is true or false as quickly as possible
-task 2- p's given one of three tasks:
1: p's required to repeat 'the' over and over again' (occupying articulatory loop)
2: p's has to say random digits out loud (occupying CE and articulatory loop)
3: p's not required to complete a second task - 5Findings + conclusion:-When task 1 was combined with version 1 (repetitively saying 'the') or version 3 (not doing second task) of task 2 performance was not affected (p's just as fast at making T or F decisions)
-When task 1 was combined with version 2 of task 2 (random digits out loud) performance suffered as speed dropped significantly.
-conclusion: -doing two tasks that require the same component of memory causes difficulty
-supporting the idea of a separate store for different types of info - 6The central executive-limited capacity
-attends to one input whilst inhibiting others
-co-ordinates performances between two separate tasks/ switches input between the two 'slave' systems
-involved in higher mental processes such as decision making and problem solving
-decides which information is attended to and which parts of the working memory to send that information to be dealt with - 7Location of central executive and study to support this-located in pre frontal cortex
-D'Esposito et al used fMRI scans on the brain
-pre-frontal cortex was activated when verbal and spatial tasks were performed simultaneously- due to CE being activated, switching its input between the two different 'slave' systems
-not activated when verbal and spatial tasks were performed separately
-suggests that the CE is associated with this part of the brain (pre frontal cortex) - 8Criticise the CE-vague
-capacity unknown
-don't know how it works/ what it does - 9Phonological loop-primarily an acoustic store therefore acoustic confusion with similar sounding words
-'slave' system
-deals with order of information
-limited capacity (determined by the amount of info spoken out loud in about 2 secs)
-divided into two sub- parts; the phonological store and articulatory loop - 10Evidence for the phonological loopBaddeley et al: word length effect
-laboratory experiment
-p's given a list of words for a brief period of time
-one list has monosyllabic, familiar words
-The other list had polysyllabic words
-one list at a time they were asked to recall the lists and write them down in serial order
-the average correct recall over several trials showed superiority for shorter words - 11Conclusion:-capacity of the phonological loops is determined by the length of time taken to say the words rather than the number of itmes in the list
-capacity estimated to be around 1.5 seconds
-also supports the idea of the phonological loop holding auditory information - 12Phonological store-passive
-inner ear
-stores words heard in acoustic code - 13Articulatory loop-inner-voice
-allows sub-vocal repetition of words whilst we are preparing to speak - 14Visuo-spatial sketchpad-deals with non phonological information
--uses visual code (visually organises info) -'inner eye'
-helps rehearse visual and spatial information
-'slave' system
-temporary store of visual and spatial items and the relationship between them -essentially a store for what items are and where they are located
-helps individuals navigate and interact with their environment
-information rehearsed and encoded through use of mental pictures
-stores visual material about form and colour
-two sub-parts visual cache- passive- stores visual material about colour and form and the inner scribe- active part- 'rough mental paper' - 15Evidence for the visuo-spatial sketchpadKlauer and Zhao:
-suggested that there was more interference between two visual tasks than between a visual and spatial task
-implying the existence of a separate visual cache and inner scribe - 16MSM: Atkinson and Shiffrin
- 17Where does the information entering the sensory memory come from?the senses e.g. smell, touch, taste, sound and sight
- 18What is the process by which memories are transferred from the sensory store to STM?paying attention to the particular thing
- 19What is the process called for memories that get lost? From which stores do we lose memories?Loss: all stores lose memories
- 20What is the duration of each of the stores?Sensory: 1-2 secs
STM: 18 secs (20-30)
LTM: Up to a lifetime - 21How is info in the STM and LTM encoded?STM: acoustically
LTM: semantincally - 22What is the capacity of the STM and LTM?STM: 7+/-2 units
LTM: unlimited - 23Some researchers believe that memories in the LTM do not get lost. According to this suggestion, how do we forget long term memories?Due to problems with retrieval
- 24Evidence for MSMBrain damages patients: some patients suffer damage to long term memory but not short term memory (e.g. Clive Wearing) whilst other patients suffer damage to short term memory not long term memory: this suggests short term memory and long term memory are stored in different place (different stores).
- 25Evidence to support the MSM
- 26Study for encoding for STMBaddeley
-examined whether encoding in STM is primarily acoustic or semantic
-75 p's presented one of four lists:
1: acoustically similar words (list A)
2. acoustically dissimilar words (list B)
3. semantically similar words (list C)
4: semantically dissimilar words (list D)
-given a list containing original words in the wrong order, they were asked to rearrange in the correct order
-List A recalled least efficiently
-seems to be acoustic confusion in STM, suggesting STM is encoded on an acoustic basis (words get muddled up as they sound very similar) - 27Study for encoding for LTMBaddeley:
-75 p's presented with one of four lists:
1: acoustically similar words (list A)
2: acoustically dissimilar words (list B)
3. semantically similar words (list C)
4. semantically dissimilar words (list D)
-p's asked to recall words in each list after a 20 min interval
-semantically similar words recalled less efficiently at a 55% recall compared to 70-85% recall of the other lists.
-semantic confusion in LTM, suggesting LTM encoded semantically - 28Why do Baddeley's results for encoding support the MSM?-after the sensory memory store, to convert info to STM you must pay attention to the words (they are stored acoustically)
-in order to remember the info and transfer into LTM there must be maintenance rehearsal (semantic memory) - 29Evaluation of Baddeley's studies into encoding-findings make 'cognitive sense' e.g. if you had to remember a shopping list you'd probably repeat it out loud (elaborative rehearsal)
-laboratory study- (causality (cause and effect relationships) - cannot prove cause and effect but very controlled conditions- no extraneous variable as variables controlled
-can be replicated because it's a laboratory study
-lacks ecological validity (not representative of real life activities)
-could be other factors that could manipulate results such as a participant with a memory problem - 30Study for the capacity of STMJacobs
-p's asked to write down numbers/ letters from memory immediately after hearing them
-increased the number of numbers/letters by one with each presentation
-on average capacity for numbers was 9 items and for letters it was seven items
- concluded that the capacity for STM 7+/-2 units - 31suggestion for the capacity of LTM?Anokhin:
-estimated the number of possible neuronal connections (1 followed by 10.5 kilometres of noughts)
-concluded that all the potential could not be used
-no human yet exists who can use all the potential of their brain
-suggesting capacity unlimited - 32Study for the duration of STM:Peterson and Peterson:
-24 p's (students)
-triad called out + immediately afterwards p's would count down from 100 in 3's to prevent maintenance rehearsal
-time of which p's counted down from 100 increased each time
-after a specific time, p's were asked to recall the triad - 33Findings and conclusion of STM study for duration:p's more able to recall triads after a shorter period of time
-after a longer period of time p's are less able to recall triads
- 90% p's could recall triads in the first 3 secs
-below 5% p's could recall triads after 18 secs
-conclusion: without rehearsal, length of STM is approximately 18 secs
-if rehearsal prevented, very little info remains in STM for very long - 34Study for duration of the LTM:Bahrick et al:
-400 p's aged 17-74 from USA
-asked to recall members from their class by free recall then asked to recall members from their class by verbal recognition and visual recognition
-findings: those who left 15 years previously 60% accurate with free recall, after 48 years 30% accurate
-after 15 years, recalled 90% faces + names
-After 48 years- recalled 80% of names and 70% of faces
-memory seems to worsen over years (loss/ displacement or problems with retrieval) but memory for faces is long lasting - 35Evaluation for study for duration of LTM:-role of rehearsal: p's could still have some contact with their old classmates, therefore memories may not be as old as study suggests
-better ecological validity- recall of old friends is a common activity - 36Evaluation of the MSM-number of studies have poor ecological validity
-assumption that we have one STM store inaccurate there are other STM such as visual information, smells, touch and taste
-assumption that there is one LTM store may be inaccurate there is episodic, semantic, procedural memory therefore there cannot be one LTM store
-rehearsal not necessary to move info to LTM- traumatic + dramatic events go into LTM without rehearsal or sometimes rehearsal does not work
-over-simplified
-however is influential- generated other research
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- As Level Psychology (Working Memory Model) Flashcards on MSM and WMM, created by f.n97 on 05/04/2015.
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